motivation and emotion

instincts

instincts

need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal

drive reduction theory

physiological need → drive → drive reducing behaviors

primary v secondary drives

primary satisfy biological needs, secondary satisfy learned needs

incentive theory

people do things becaue they are motivated by external rewards and punishments, behaviorist perspective, incentive is external reward

arousal theory/yerkes dodson

we are motivated to do things by seeking optimum levels of excitement or arousal, an organism’s performance can be improved if that organism is aroused in some manner

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualization

physiological motives (primary)

food and water

hunger motivation

if you are extremely hungry, nothing else really matters

lateral v ventromedial hypothalamus

lateral- feeding center, causes sensation of hunger

ventromedial- causes the sensation of fullness

ancel keys experiment

cut caloric intake in half, the people developed anxiety and depression, they could only think about food, suported maslow’s hierarchy of needs

set point theory

theory that the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain ideal body weight

anorexia nervosa

characterized by a strong desire to low weight and habitually restrictive eating

bulimia nervosa

characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating

obesity

severely overweight, often over 100 pounds the weight they should be, threatens health

thirst

pain

sexual orientation, nature v nurture

sexual response cycle, masters and johnson

neurology of sexual behavior

sex traits males v females

imagined stimuli

social motives

achievement motivation

meeting personal goals and acquiring new skills/knowledge

affiliation motive

the need to belong, we need to have community, as a result we try to make favorable impressions

intrinsic motivation

when we do something because we want it and not for some external reward

extrinsic motivation

we do something because we expect some external reward or punishment such as money or praise

over justification effect

social conflict situations

approach-approach conflicts

have to choose one option between two desirable outcomes

avoidance-avoidance conflicts

have to choose between two unattractive outcomes

approach avoidance conflicts

one event has attractive and unattractive features

emotions

physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experiences

evolutionary theories (adaptive and survival skills)

believe the pleasure of sex is our genes’ way of preserving and spreading themselves, males tend to seek mates who appear fertile is a general assumption

james lange theory

stimulus → arousal → emotion

cannon bard theory

stimulus → emotion and arousalf

opponent process theory of emotion

schechter singer two factor theory

stimulus → arousal and cognitive label → emotion

zajonc and ledoux and emotion

stimulus → brain (thalamus and amygdala)

fear

is adaptive, can bind people, fear of injury can protect from harm, can learn through conditioning

aggression

anger

empathy

happiness

love

health psychology

stress

any circumstance that may be real or perceived and threatens one’s well being, psychological states cause physical illness, physical or mental changes that occur in response to a challenging or threatening situation

selve’s general adaption sydrome

holmes and rahe’s social readjustment rating

type a personalities

a term used for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger prone people that stress easily

type b personalities

easygoing, relaxed people that deal with stress easily and don’t get too worked up

coping strategies for stress

problem focused coping- changing events that cause stress

emotion focused coping- cannot change a stressful situation, respond by attending to emotional needs

washburn and cannon experiment

hormones and hunger

leptin, orexin, pyy

basal metabolic rate

an estimate of how much energy in calories when at rest

hunger and memory

paul rozin, part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal

external v internal cues about hunger

how does body chemistry and environment impact hunger

motivation and work

industrial organizational psychology

application of psych concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in the workplace

personnel v organizational psych

personnel- focused on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, development

organizational- examines an organization’s impact on worker satisfaction and seeks to produce and facilitate organizational change

amygdala and emotion high route and shortcut

spillover effect

our arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event

men v women ability to read emotions

paul ekman’s 6 universal facial expressions

surprise, happiness, anger, disguist, fear, sadness

emotion can be a social phenomena

facial feedback hypothesis

expressions amplify our emotons by activating muscles associated with specific states

what 7 emotions do infants express

joy, anger, interest, disguist, surprise, sadness, fear

phobias

intense fears of specific objects or situations that disrupt one’s ability to cope

catharsis hypothesis

releasing or venting aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

feel good do good phenomenom

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood, more helpful to strangers

mood cycles

positive emotions rise from the early to the mid part of the day

does money buy happiness

only for a short period of time, then people realize that there is even more stuff out there

more people seek to be __ vs developing a meaningful life philosophy these days

well of financially

people who value money highly tend to be __ happy than those who value love

less

adaptation-level phenomenon

tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we previously experienced, tendency to quickly adapt to a new situation until it becomes the norm, after that a new experience is needed and this constantly raises the level for what is new or exciting

relative deprivation

perception that one is worse offo relative to those with whom one compares oneself

interviewer illusion

people think they’re awesome at interviewing and choosing the right employee, but then that employee ends up being an awful fit for that job

unstructured v structured interviews

magic number

theory x v theory y managers

x- managers employees are only extrinsically motivated

y- managers believe employees are intrinsically motivated

common sense theory

stimulus → emotion → arousal

behavior feedback hypothesis

if we move our body as we would when expressing some emotion we are likely to feel that emotion to some degree

management theory

organizational psychologists study people’s motivations and how we can use these motivations to increase employee performance

stressor

a stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaptation

4 components to stress response

cognitive appraisal, physiological response, subjective feelings, behavior

types of stressors

catastrophic events, life changes, chronic stressors, daily hassles,

stress response system

cannon proposed that stress response is fight or flight marked by adrenaline outpour, activating the sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamus and pituitary gland slowly respond to stress

general adaptation syndrome (comes up a lot)

seyle, stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar, stressed individual goes through three phases over a prolonged period of time, alarm reaction (mobilize resources), resistance (cope with stressor), exhaustion (reserves depleted)

Holmes and Rahe’s social readjustment rating scale, srrs

measured personal stress levels, uses a list of stressful events and a numerical score for the power of each event, asks the user to indicate how many of these events have occurred in the past 12 months, values added up, 300+ indicates 80% chance of individual suffering from a significant level of stress, units are life change units, different changes in one’s life have different stress value, good stressors can rate as high as bad ones, higher srrs → likely you will have a stress related disease

perceived control

exacerbates the harmful effects of stress, control over events tends to lessen stress

multiple approach avoidance conflicts

choose between two or more things, each has both desirable and undesirable features

polygraph

lie detector, measures perspiration levels, heart rate, breathing changes, may ask control (aim to make anyone nervous) and relevant (specific about what the exam is trying to uncover) questions, relevant response > greater control response = lie, sometimes inaccurate from general nerves or cheating the system

alfred kinsey

interviewed people about sexual behavior such as pre martial masturbation and sex, attempted to use the scientific method to study sex, showed that perceptions about others’ sex lives are different than reality

sexual response cycle

william masters and virginia johnson studied 4 stage sexual response cycle leading up to orgasms

sexual disorders

problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

2 functions of hormones in regards to sex

direct physical development of sex characteristics, activate sexual behavior (internal stimuli)

estrogen

females, develops secondary female characteristics like breasts, peaks during ovulation which increases sexual arousal

testosterone

promotes growth of sex organs and male specific features like deep voices and facial hair, decline if one is castrated before puberty

psychology of sex

external stimuli- people become aroused when they sense erotic material like seeing or hearing, some develop the false idea that women enjoy rape, can lead people to devalue their own partners and relationships