anatomy cumulative

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180 Terms

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Sagittal plane
divides the body into right and left
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Para-sagittal plane
sagittal plane not at the midline
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Medial
towards the midline
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Lateral
away from the midline
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Transverse plane
divides the body in superior and inferior
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Superior
above or up
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Inferior
below or down
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Cranial
towards the head
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Caudal
towards the tail
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Proximal
close to the origin
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Distal
away from the origin
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Coronal plane
divides the body in anterior and posterior
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Anterior
front
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Posterior
back
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Ventral
stomach
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Dorsal
back
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Palmar
face of the palm
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Dorsal
back of the hand
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Dorsal
top of the foot
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Planar
sole or bottom of the foot
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Buccal
towards the cheek
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Occlusal
top of the teeth
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Labial
towards the lips
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Mesial
towards the midline of the mouth
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Lingual
towards the tongue
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Deep
towards the inside of the body
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Superficial
closer to the surface
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Flexion
decreasing the angle between 2 segments of the body
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Extension
increasing the angle between 2 body segments
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Abduction
moving away from the midline
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Adduction
moving towards the midline
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Supination
rotating your palm from facing down to facing up
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Pronation
rotating your palm from facing up to facing down
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Circumduction
moving in a circle
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Inversion
moving the sole of your foot towards the midline
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Eversion
moving the sole of your foot away from the midline
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Plantarflexion
pointing your toes towards the ground
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Dorsiflexion
pointing your toes towards the sky
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vertebrae order
7 cervical --\> 12 thoracic --\> 5 lumbar --\> 5 sacral --\> 3-4 fused coccygeal
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what are true intrinsic back muscles dervied from?
epaxial dermomyotomes
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what are extrinisic back muscles derived from?
hypaxial dermomyotome
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erector spinae
fourth layer of back muscles made up of spinalis, longissumus, and iliocostalis
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erector spinae function
extend the back when bilaterally activated and laterally flex the back ipsilaterally when unilaterally activated
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Transverso-spinalis
fifth layer of the back muscles that include rotatores brevis, rotatores longus, mutifidus, and semispinalis
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transverso spinalis origin, insertion, and function
origin: transverse processesinsertion: spinous processes varying numbers of higher than originfunction: rotate the vertebral column to rotate the anterior side of the body towards the contralateral side (side opposite the muscle)
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whare are ribs derived from?
splaratomes
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visceral pleura
membrane adhered to the lungs
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parietal pleura
membrane fused to the thoracic cavity
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scalenas anterior function
rotates sternum out to increase volume in the thoracic cavity, decreases pressure, and cause deeper breathing
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what movements do the anterior-posterior axis allow?
adduction and abduction
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what movements do the mediolateral axis allow?
flexion and extension
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what movements does th inferior-superior axis allow?
medial-lateral rotation
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muscle contraction
force pulls isnertion attachment closer to the fixed origin
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Plane joint
bones can only move within that plane (sliding or gliding)
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Hinge joint
bones rotate around an axis (flexion and extension only)
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Saddle joint
allows sliding but not rotating
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Ball and socket
movement along several axes
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Condyloid joint
movement in one linear direction and partial movement in a new direction
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Pivot joint
rotation
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days 0-3
the zona pellucida becomes impermeable to sperm and a rigid barrier forcing volume to remain the same as the cells divide
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why does the zona pellucida harden and not allow cells to grow?
This limits the size of the egg as it passes through the fallopian tube to prevent ectopic pregnancy
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Day 8
the epiblast, amnion, hypoblast, and primary yolk sac have formed from the embryoblast and hypoblast to create a bilaminar embryo
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Day 13
formation of the prochordial plate at the head of the embryo
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Day 15
formation of the primitive streak and the cloacal membrane at the tail of the embryo
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Day 17
the hypoblast and epiblast become the endoderm and the ectoderm respectively; Mesenchymal cells secreted by the epiblast become the intraembryonic mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm to create a trilaminar embryo
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day 17-21
notochord formation from intraembryonic mesoderm and folding of the epiblast at the prochordal plate to create the neural grooves and neural folds
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where do we see remnants of the notochord in adults?
goo between vertebrae
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notochord purpose
gives the body rigidity
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Day 20-21
neural groove drops down to become the neural tube and neural folds drop down to become neural crests and edges combine to become surface ectoderm
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Day 19-21
intraembryonic mesoderm becomes paraxial mesoderm (somites), intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm
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what do somites form?
body segments
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Week 4
embryo folds over itself transversely and cranial to caudal finishing key development of the body plan
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Day 22
surface ectoderm and lateral plate mesoderm combine to create the somatopleure and endoderm and lateral plate mesoderm combine to create splanchnopleure
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Day 28
endoderm folds inwards on itself to create primitive gut tube; intraembryonic coelom folds inwards on itself to create the dorsal mesentery behind the primitive gut tube and the ventral mesentery in front of the primitive gut tube; intraembryonic coelom become pleuroperitoneal cavity
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ventral and dorsal mesentery purpose
limit twisting of the gut
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what are the ventral and dorsal mesentery derived from?
lateral mesoderm (splanchonopleure)
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Day 26
prochordal plate folds 180 degrees to become the oropharyngeal membrane and mesoderm surrounding heart becomes the septum transversum which becomes the diaphragm
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Post Day 28
somites divide into dermomyotomes and sclerotomes
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dermomyotomes
distal portion of the somites that become the dermis and skeletal muscles
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sclerotomes
proximal portion of the somites that become the bones
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What do dermomyotomes give rise to?
hypaxial and epaxial dermomyotomes
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hypaxial dermomyotome
distal portion of the dermomyotomes that become ventral and lateral dermis and skeletal muscles
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epaxial dermomytomes
proximal portion of dermomyotomes that become dorsal dermis and skeletal muscles
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What do sclerotomes form?
crnial sclerotomes speaprate and move cranially to fuse with caudal sclerotomes of the sclerotome above it to create vertebrae
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what body parts are segmental?
dermomyotomes are segmental
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what body parts are intersegmental?
vertebrae
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cervical body segments, spinal nerves, and vertebrae
8 cervical segments, 8 cervical spinal nerves, and 7 cervical vertebrae
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thoracici body segments, spinal nerves, and vertebrae
12 thoracic segments, 12 thoracic spinal nerves, and 12 thoracic vertebrae
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lumbar body segments, spinal nerves, and vertebrae
5 lumbar segments, 5 lumbar spinal nerves, 5 lumbar vertebrae
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sacral body segments, spinal nerves, and vertebrae
5 sacral segments, 5 sacral spinal nerves, 5 sacral vertebrae
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coccygeal body segments, spinal nerves, and vertebrae
3-4 coccygeal segments, 3-4 coccygeal spinal nerves, and 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae
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what are ganglia outside the spinal cord derived from?
neural crest
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what are ganglia inside the spinal cord derived from?
neural tube
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what kind o innervation only uses the ventral root?
motor innervation
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what kind of innervation only uses the dorsal root?
sensory innervation
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what kind of structures does somatic motor innervation innervate?
structures derived from somites
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somatic motor innervation
Somatic motor axons run from the somatic motor cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal gray through the ventral root, intervertebral foramen, spinal nerve, and ventral or dorsal ramus to go to the hypaxial or epaxial dermomyotome respectively
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somatic sensory innervation
Information runs from the peripheral processes through the ventral or dorsal ramus, from the hypaxial or epaxial dermomyotomes respectively, through the intervertebral foramen and spinal nerve to the dorsal root ganglion outside the spinal cord, then through the dorsal root to the somatic sensory cell bodies in the dorsal horn of the spinal gray via the central processes
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parasympathetic innervation of the midgut and above
Preganglionic parasympathetic axons run from the cell bodies in the brain via the vagus nerve to synapse on the organ walls
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parasympathetic innervation of hindgut and pelvis
preganglionic parasympathetic axons run from preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal gray in S3 and S4 through the ventral root, intervertebral foramen, and spinal to synapse on hindgut and pelvic organs through pelvic splanchnic nerves