The 300 facts you need to know for content post Exam 2

This is all of the physiology content from the Gomez lectures. And then, you are going to have to remember everything from EVERYTHING ELSE! Good luck! :D

Cell signaling involves what two things, and what exactly are they?

Ligand (signaling molecule), and receptor protein (binds to signaling molecule)

What is a signal transduction, and how is it initiated?

A signal transduction is a pathway through which a signal is converted to cellular responses. It is initiated by the ligand-receptor interaction

What are the three steps to a generic signal transduction pathway? Briefly describe what happens in each step.

Reception (ligand binds to receptor), transduction (the initial signal is amplified), and response (it’s just the response)

What are the four types of signaling in animals, and what do each do?

Endocrine: long distance (e.g. adrenaline and oxytocin)

Paracrine: local signaling (e.g., immune system (also endocrine))

Synaptic: Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters/neuroregulators are released locally (e.g., signaling between two neurons, or a neuron and a muscle cell)

Contact-Dependent: Ligand does not need to be secreted (e.g., receptors on an egg surface bind to molecules on the sperm surface during fertilization)

How many transmembrane domains do GPCRs have? Ligand recognition occurs at which loops?

7 transmembrane domains. Ligand recognition occurs at the 6th and 7th loops

What is the largest family of receptors? What are some molecules that they sense?

GPCRs. They sense taste molecules, adrenaline, and several drugs

How were scientists able to purify the beta-adrenergic receptor?

They used affinity chromatography, where the sample went down a column, and the receptors would bind to the beads in the column, while everything else was washed out of the column

What are the four steps in how GPCRs signal through G-proteins?

1. The G-protein is inactive

2. The ligand binds, and there is a conformational change in the receptor. GDP leaves and GTP binds to the G-protein

3. The G-protein is now active. It shuttles and binds to an effector molecule, which acts in the cellular response

4. GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, and the G-protein becomes inactive again

Mutli-step pathways allow for what in regards to signals?

Signal amplification. The provide control points for further regulation, coordinate with other signals, and terminate the signal

What is the idea of genomic equivalence?

All cells in the body derive from a single cell and have the same genetic material

What is development, and what are the four subprocesses involved?

Development is the events in changing from a simple to a more complex form. The four subprocesses are cell division, differentiation, morphogenesis, and pattern formation

The human body contains how many major cell types?

230

What is the difference between cell differentiation and cell determination?

Cell differentiation is when cells become specialized in structure and function, while cell determination is when potential fates become more limited until a cell is committed to its final cell type

What are the four steps to the RTK signal transduction pathway?

1. It’s initially inactive when no ligand is bound

2. The ligand binds —> RTKs dimerize

3. The dimerization allows for the addition of phosphate to the tyrosine residues on the cytoplasmic side

4. Other proteins are recruited, and dock RTK transfers phosphate to new proteins

What was the main takeaway from Rita Levi-Montaleini and Stanley Cohen’s experiment with nerve cells?

They discovered the nerve growth factor (NGF) and that it’s responsible for quick neuronal growth

What was the main takeaway of the experiments involving EGF? The EGF is a type of what?

EGF was responsible for vulva development. EGF is a type of RTK

What are the four steps involved in the insulin cascade?

1. Insulin binds to the receptor

2. The receptor autophosphorylates itself

3. The insulin response protein is phosphorylated, and activates the enzyme glycogen synthase

4. Glycogen synthase then converts glucose into glycogen

Resume from Lecture 29. I’m going to make the latex document first, and then I can make the flashcards based on that