Immunology and Serology Flashcards

A set of flashcards for reviewing key concepts in Immunology and Serology.

__ immunity is also known as Non-specific/Innate immunity.

Natural

__ immunity is also known as Specific/Acquired immunity.

Adaptive

In the first line of defense, __ prevent infectious agents from infecting the body.

anatomical barriers

__ are the first responders and the most efficient phagocytic cells.

Neutrophils

Examples of antigen-presenting cells include __.

dendritic cells, monocyte/macrophage

Natural Killer Cells are primarily __ and kills virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

cytotoxic

__ interferes with viral replication.

Interferons (INF)

The third line of defense retains __, and includes specialized lymphocytes.

memory

__: migration of WBCs from the capillaries to the surrounding tissue.

DIAPEDESIS

__: cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical substances

CHEMOTAXIS

__ coat foreign cells & pathogens to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Opsonins

__ are normal serum constituents that increase by at least 25% due to infection, injury, or trauma to tissues.

Acute-Phase Reactants

In __ Active immunity, antibody is produced by the host and duration of response is long.

Natural

In Artificial __ immunity, antibody is NOT produced by the host and duration of response is short.

Passive

__ cells other names: null cells, large granular lymphocytes, third population lymphocyte.

NK

__ is used to be able to differentiate lymphocytes from each other.

FLOW CYTOMETRY

__ are the site for T cells development.

Thymus

__ are the site for both B cell development and hematopoiesis

Bone Marrow

In peripheral lymphoid organs, __ acts as a lymphatic filter within the blood vascular tree.

Spleen

The B cell surface marker __ is found on all stages of B cells.

CD20

__ induces mitosis.

Mitogens

__is the rearrangement of genes coding for Heavy chain and Light chain.

Pro-B cell

__ is the appearance of mu chain.

Pre-B cell

__is the appearance of surface IgM.

Immature B cell

__is the appearance of surface IgM and IgD.

Mature B cell

__is the appearance of CD25 (receptor for IL-2).

Activated B cell

__is responsible for production of antibodies.

Plasma cell

Genes coding for the MHC molecules in humans are found in the short arm of chromosome __.

6

__ are Glycoproteins found in the serum portion of the blood.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

The 5 classes of immunoglobulins are _.

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

__ region is the flexible portion of antibody located bet. CH1 and CH2.

Hinge

___ - cuts ab above the H region, resulting in 2 Fab fragments.

Papain

___ - cuts ab below the H region, resulting in 1 F(ab)2 fragment.

Pepsin

IgM is a __ (decavalent).

pentamer

IgA1 is a __ (bivalent).

monomer

IgA2 is a __ (tetravalent).

dimer

IgD is used for __ and phylogenetically the most primitive among Igs.

immunoregulation

IgE is also known as __ with affinity to mast cells

reaginic antibody

A four-fold increase (or higher) of antibody titer indicates __.

current infection

__ are small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection.

Cytokines

___ enhances antigen presentation by MHC and is secreted by Th1 cells.

IFN-gamma

___ has anti-inflammatory and suppressive effects on Th1 cells; antagonist to IFN-γ *secreted by Th2 cells.

IL-10

___ mediates cytotoxic & inflammatory reactions triggered in the presence of LPS found in Gram-negative bacteria.

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-alpha)

The complement protein is mostly synthesized in the __.

LIVER

The central convergence point of all 3 complement pathways is __.

C3

The complement component with the highest conc in plasma is __.

C3

The complement component with the highest MW is __.

C1q

__ functions include induced smooth muscle contraction, increases capillary permeability, and causes release of histamine from mast cells.

Anaphylatoxins

The complement component __ is an opsonin.

C3b

The complement component __ is a chemotaxin and also an anaphylatoxin

C5a

C1, C2, C4 complement deficiencies can lead to __ syndrome.

LE-like

C5, C6,C7, C8 complement deficiencies can lead to __ infections.

Neisseria

The most common complement component deficiency is __.

C2

The most severe complement component deficiency is __.

C3

__ is a good screening test to detect complement deficiency in classical pathway.

CH50 Hemolytic assay

A __ is an exaggerated response to a harmless antigen that results in injury to the tissue, disease, or even death

Hypersensitivity

Type IV hypersensitivity is also known as __ hypersensitivity.

Cell Mediated or delayed

In Type 1 hypersensitivity the immune mediator is __.

IgE

In Type II hypersensitivity the immune mediator is __.

IgG

In Type III hypersensitivity the immune mediators are __.

IgM and IgG

In Type IV hypersensitivity the immune mediator is __.

Sensitized T cell

__ causes delayed hypersensitivity due to low-molecular weight compounds that have contact with the skin.

Contact dermatitis

__ dilution represents the ratio of concentrated or stock material to the total final volume of a solution.

Dilution

___ is defined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of the patient’s serum in which the antibody is still detectable or had produced a positive result.

Antibody Titer

In Ab + __ = insoluble complexes (Precipitation).

soluble Ag

In Ab + __ = cellular aggregates (Agglutination).

particulate Ag

__ is the initial force of attraction that exist between a single Fab and epitope of an antigen.

Affinity

__is the sum total of all the forces that exist between multivalent Ab and multivalent Ag.

Avidity

__is the failure due to excess Antibody.

Prozone

__is the failure due to excess Antigen.

Postzone

__Measures the decrease in light intensity in a solution of antibody–antigen complexes

Turbidimetry

__Measures the amount of light scattered in a solution containing antibody–antigen complexes

Nephelometry

__ uses a tube or column for precipitation reaction where Ab – incorporated with the agar gel and Ag – layered at the top of agar gel.

Single Diffusion in One Dimension - Oudin

__ uses a tube or column for precipitation reaction where Ab – incorporated with the agar gel, Ag – layered at the top of agar gel, and plain agar is placed in between.

Double Diffusion in One Dimension - Oakley-Fulthorpe

__uses a flat surface for precipitation reaction where Ab – incorporated with the agar gel and Ag – added to pre-cut wells.

Single Diffusion in Two Dimension - Radial Immunodiffusion

__uses a flat surface for precipitation reaction where Both Ag and Ab diffuse independently in agar gel.

Double Diffusion in Two Dimension - Ouchterlony Double Diffusion

___is RID + electrophoresis; Height / Apex of rocket = Ag concentration.

Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

In __, any change in shape, location and intensity of “precipitin arc” indicates an abnormality.

Countercurrent Immunoelectrophoresis

___ is protein electrophoresis + immunodiffusion; Abnormal contour of precipitin arc may indicate monoclonal gammopathy.

Immunoelectrophoresis

__ is protein electrophoresis + immunoprecipitation; ADV: identify what type of light chain and heavy chain involved.

Immunofixation Electrophoresis

__ represents the stabilization of Ag-Ab complexes, formation of cross-links that form the visible aggregates.

Lattice Formation

In __ agglutination, Ag is attached to the carrier particle.

Passive

In __ agglutination, Ab is attached to the carrier particle.

Reverse Passive

__ uses bacterial protein as inert particles to which Ab are attached.

Coagglutination

__ agglutination - positive result is lack of agglutination; for viral infections like rubella, influenza, RSV.

Agglutination inhibition

__ agglutination is Coomb’s test (DAT/IAT).

Antiglobulin-mediated

__ uses a radioactive substance as a label

RIA (Radioimmunoassay)

__ uses enzyme labels for immunoassays.

EIA (Enzyme Immunoassay)

__ uses fluorophores or fluorochromes as labels

Fluorescent Immunoassay

__ Blot is for Analysis of RNA fragments.

Northern

__ Blot is for Analysis of DNA fragments.

Southern

Elevated titer of __ is diagnostic for SLE.

Anti-dsDNA

__ are autoimmune conditions in which damage to organs/tissues results from the presence of autoantibody/autoreactive cells.

AUTOIMMUNITY

Rheumatoid factor (IgM auto antibody binds with fc portion of IgG) is the autoantibody present in __.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Anti-thyroglobulin is the autoantibody present in __.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Anti-acetyl choline receptor is the autoantibody present in __.

Myasthenia gravis

Anti-parietal cells is the autoantibody present in __.

Pernicious anemia

The __ are products of MHC/HLA WBC.

Bennett-Goodspeed