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High Culture
cultural patterns that distinguish society’s elites.
Symbolic interactionists:
All of society is about the shared reality - the shared culture - that we create.
Low Culture
the cultural behaviors and ideas that are popular with most people in a society
Mainstream culture:
The cultural patterns that are broadly in line with a society’s cultural ideals and values.
Subculture
cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.
Ethnocentrism
judging one culture by the standards of another culture
Afrocentism
a school of thought that recenters cultural study through the lens of African culture
Multiculturalism
Recognises cultural diversity.
Counterculture
push back on mainstream culture in an attempt to change how the mainstream culture functions
Cultural lags
some cultures change slower than others
Cultural diffusion
how cultural traits spread from one culture to another
Structural functionalists
Believe that society is a complex system and every part needs to work together to function.
Conflict theory
Different cultures cause disagreements and conflict in society.
What caused the war between mongols and khwarazm?
chinggis khan sent caravan demanding money
muhammad Shah underestimated mongols and didn’t wanna give them money
caused war
Despite being brutal, what did mongols contribute
increase in trade
more interregional communiaction
Black death 😬
What were the mongols curious about?
other cultures
chinggis khan got advised from chinese and muslim scholars
spared artisans and other useful people from places he invaded
What happened to japan under mongol influence?
Japan gained new confidence which allowed them to stop taking influence from china
Which regions weren’t effected by the mongols?
Africa and the americas because they weren’t close to mongols or part of their trade routes
Why does the mongol period “loom a large part of world history”
Describe the Nomadic Mongol society
perfect example of nomadic lifestlye
moved from pasture to pasture seasonally
staple foods were milk and meat but they traded with sedentary civilizations
wore sheepskin and boots from sheephides
traded for jewelry weapons and cloth
taught children to fight and ride as soon as they could walk
Where was the mongol empire
middle east to china sea
How was mongol society divided into different groups?
tribes were split in to kin - related clans
these tribes+ clans would unit to form confederations when they faced a threat
Who had the power/who were leaders in mongol society and why?
men bc free men voted on leaders
women had power within family and tribal councils
Kuriltai
Meeting of mongol chieftans where they elect supreme ruler of all tribes.
Khagan
Title of the supreme ruler of Mongol tribes
Describe Chinngis Khan’s early life + rise to power.
born into splinter clan after kabul khan’s death
called temujin
dad died, so he became leader(people didn’t trust him cuz he was young)
got kidnapped, but escaped
took revenge on the nomadic group that kidnapped him
grew reputation as warrior+ commander
elected khagan in 1206
Tumens
basic mongol fighting unit
10,000 cavalrymen
What did the death of Kabul Khan cause
The death of kabul khan led to hard times in mongol period
empire split was divided into many small clans
What did Giovanni de Piano Carpini do?
sent to mongol empire by pope inocent IV to protest
protests didn’t work
his account on mongols was one of the most detailed
had neutral feelings abt the mongols(saw good and bad things)
Where do historians find most of the information about the mongols
records+observations of their enemies
Sedentary
settling down
Nomadic
moving around to find food and resources
Germ of Civilization
Domestication of Fire, Teamwork, Development of stone and bone tools
Cradles of Civilization
Egypt - Nile, Mesopotamia (a place between 2 rivers) - Tigris and Euphrates, China - Yellow, Indus Valley
Mesopotamia
a place between two rivers Tigris and Euphrates
Isolated
allowed civilizations to thrive and develop
Inundation
flooding that left a fertile soil
Polytheism
Belief in multiple gods
Hieroglyphics
Picture writing, Read left -> right, right-> left, up -> down, down-> up, Hard to read
Theocracy
intertwined government and religions
Fertile Crescent
region in Middle East that held many civilizations due to its to rivers
Cuneiform
first written language
The Rosetta Stone
A breakthrough on how to read hieroglyphics. It had 3 different languages on it.
Polytheism
when people worship multiple gods.
Cultural Diffusion
taking other thoughts and ideas and building onto them. flooding whi
Neolithic Revolution
The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 BCE.
Confucius
Major Chinese philospher born in sixth century BCE
Hinduism
religion that prevailed in india, featuring emphasis on manifestations of the divine and importance of ritual and meditation with the total of spiritual advancement through reincarnation.
Caste system
India’s inequal social system that was supported by Hinduism where it was bleived you could advance through the social classes by fulfilling your role and reincarnating.
Multiculturalism
Recognises cultural diversity.
Counter-culture
Challanges mainstream culture.
Cultural diffusions
the spread of cultural to other cultures.
Symbolic interactionists
All of society is about the shared reality - the shared culture - that we create.
Migration
people moving from one location to another.
Slaves were forced to move to work.
Pull factor
A factor that makes people wnat to migrate to a place.
Push factor
A factor that makes people want to move away from a place.
Seasonal migration/cyclical migration
happens when people migrate in a back-and-forth pattern
Voluntary settlement
people who choose to migrate.
Chain migration
the social process by which immigrants from a particular area follow others from that area to a particular destination.
Refugees
People who don’t feel safe in the place they live in, so they’re forced to move.
Migration field
where people decide to move to.
Return Migration
People who go back to the place they used to live in.
Reluctant Migration
a form of migration in which individuals are not forced to move, but do so because of an unfavorable situation at their current location
Diaspora
a large group of people who share a cultural and regional origin but are living away from their traditional homeland.
Remittances
funds sent home by citizens who live overseas
Internal Migration
people who migrate within their country.
Step migration
when people make mores that are more and more drastic.
what does this image show?
Neolithic women spinning dried yucca stalk on fire starting stick to create sarks that can light the yucca leaves on fire. Shows that early humans used and made their own tools.
what does this painting show
Importance of hunting for early human economy
symbolism of hunting-gathering
What can we learn from this image
Homo sapiens emerged in east africa and spread out to rest mediteraanean, europe, and asia. eventually reached americas + oceania
What does this map show
Agriculture originated in middle east and spread simlarly to humans.
What does this map show
It showed where early civilizations formed, not juest in conquest areas
What does this map show?
political units in the world
has durable regional traditions
Who is this?
confucius
What does this image show?
indian god shiva
each hand represents different aspect of power
what does this image show?
classical greece used roman architecture
rome engineers figured out how to make domed arches
what does this image show
Depiction of Madonna + a child
Cultural diffusion
when certain cultural values, ideas, or even cultures are adopted by different cultures.
GPERISA
a lens for viewing events
Geography
Political
Economics
Religion
Intellectual
Social
Artistic
What are the three types of essays
Compare/Contrast
Causation (Cause and Effect)
Continuity and Change Over Time (CCOT)
What allowed the egyptian civilization to develop
they were isolated and left undisturbed for many years.
What does this shows
holy women by christ
whats this?
the kaba in mecca. every year muslims travel here
what is this image? why is it significant?
The shahi mosque. shows the blending of hindu and islamic architecture styles
Karakorum
capital of mongol empire
how did chinggis khan die?
During attack of Xi Xia empire chinggis khan became sick. last words were to his sons about the dangers of bickering about who owns the empire.
what were the 4 khanates called
golden horde, changhatai, ilkhan, and empire of kubilai khan
who was batu
ruler of golden horde, chinggis khans grandson, invaded russa in 1236
who was ogedei
one of chinggis khan’s sons, became khagan after chinggis khan dies bc he was cunning and manipulative
Golden horde
one of the khanates
ruled by batu
now central russia
what were the khanates
4 regional mongol kingdoms after death of chinggis khan
Why wasn’t russia prepared for the mongol attack
weak and declining government
split into small groups that refused to work together
not enough power to rally forces against mongols
who were tartars
what russians called the mongols
“people from hell”
who was prester john and why was he important
christian mythical monarch
christians believed mongols were prestor john coming to help them
attack on khwarazm (muslims) confirmed it
when mongols attacked russia, they realzied it wasn’t prestor john
Why was europe spared
ogedei died
batu had to go home to figure out who next leader would
Who was hulegu and what were his accomplishment
grandson of chinggis khan
leader Ilkhan khanate
Assault on Muslim heatlands
victory over seljuk turks
Why was defeat of mongols unique
cooperation of muslims + christians(usually don’t like eachother)
Led by Baibars and the Mamluks of egypt
baibars was originally a slave to mongols
How did mongols protect trade routes-
rest stopes for merchants
outposts to protect from bandits
What caused hulegu to stop his expansion
succession struggles
arguments with his cousin Berke
converted to Islam
wanted to make alliance with baibars
Note
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