APUSH Unit 8-9 vocab words

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

• _____ 700 miles from Tokyo, 3,000 casualties resulted in the first day, Four hellish days of fighting until Mount Suribachi “win”.

• ____ was the next step for United State's forces, because it’s capture would leave Formosa (Taiwan) isolated. It would also put America within striking distance to deploy troops and air raids to mainland Japan.

Manhattan Project

• Developed atomic bombs

• Bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

• It was a top-secret research and development project that took place during World War II. Involved some of the world's leading scientists, including J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Robert Oppenheimer

• American theoretical physicist

• "Father of the atomic bomb"

• Role in Manhattan Project during WWII

United Nations

• Founded in 1945

• Promotes peace, security, and cooperation

  • Focuses on diplomacy and humanitarian efforts

Yalta Conference

• Discussed post-World War II Europe

• Aimed to reorganize Europe

• Planned for peace after the war

Potsdam Conference

• Key meeting after WWII in 1945

• Among Allies: US, UK, USSR

• Discussed post-war Europe

• Led to division of Germany

• Beginning of Cold War tensions

Hiroshima

• Event during WWII where the US dropped an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945, to Japan leading to significant destruction and loss of life.

• 70k ppl died but radiation continued to kill people

Nagasaki

• After Hiroshima, this bomb came (too early) - U.S should’ve given a longer warning.

• However, leads to Japan giving up and surrendering.

GI Bill

• benefits veterans (college, homes, retirement, etc)

Desegregation of armed forces

• Ended racial segregation in the military

• Achieved in the U.S. in 1948

• Executive order by President Truman

Baby Boom

• veterans came home avoiding all their traumas and ate out their woman to make children

Fair Deal

• Proposed by President Harry S. Truman

• Aimed to extend New Deal policies after World War II

• Addressed social and economic challenges

• Intended to provide economic security and social welfare

• Included measures like healthcare reform, civil rights legislation, and education initiatives

Containment

containment

• a foreign policy strategy during the Cold War aiming to prevent spread of communism and Soviet influence

George Kennan

• American diplomat and historian

• Concept of containment during Cold War

Get Tough Policy

• A strict approach to crime

  • Involves harsh penalties

  • Increased law enforcement efforts

  • Aimed at deterring criminal behavior

Truman Doctrine

• US policy during Cold War

• Contain communism

• Provide economic, military aid

• Target: Countries threatened by Soviet influence

• Successful

Marshall Plan

• U.S. initiative post-WWII

• Aid to Western Europe

• Rebuild economies

• EU became U.S strongest allies

NSC-68

• U.S being alpha as a non-communist in a communist world

• We must increase the military budget (triples)

NATO

• Military alliance of 30 countries in North America and Europe

• Founded in 1949 to promote security and defense cooperation

Warsaw Pact

• attack one, attack all = collective security in NATO

Berlin Airlift

• A Western Allies' operation (1948-1949) to deliver supplies to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade, preventing a humanitarian crisis.

Point Four Program

• USA sees Latin America, Asia, and Africa

• Books, radio, film-scripts, records towards the 3 continents (4 million)

• Not successful b/c not enough money for resources but gave EU 12-13 billion???

Korean War

• North = Soviet

• South = Non-communist

• MacArthur helping the South (over 38th parallel)

• Containment wise = successful

38th parallel

• Line of latitude dividing North and South Korea

• Established as a demilitarized zone after WWII

McCarthyism

• refers to the period in the U.S where there was a widespread fear of communism

• phase of identifying and accusing people of being communists or communist sympathizers, often without evidence

Alger Hiss

• former communist, a former high-ranking State Department official, accused of serving as a spy for the USSR.

• Based on allegations and “evidence” (“pumpkin papers”) from Chambers, he was found guilty of perjury and served 44 month in prison.

• SHOWS GROWING FEAR OF SPIES IN THE GOVERNMENT

HUAC

• House Un-American Activities Committee

• investigations looked into many areas of American life, but they paid special attention to the motion picture industry, which was believed to harbor a large number of communists.

• not wishing to be accused, most people in the film industry did not speak out. In addition, many of the major studios imposed a strict blacklist against actors, directors, writers, etc. implicated in communist activity.

Hollywood 10

• Group of screenwriters accused of being Communists

• When they wouldn't cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee investigation, refusing to admit to being in the Communist Party, or to name names of others who might be Communists, the ten were fined and sentenced to a year in jail for contempt of Congress.

• They were also blacklisted from working in the film industry in Hollywood, until the 1960's when the ban was lifted.

McCarran Internal Security Act

• limits actions by restricting employment and travel of anyone suspected of being a threat

• all communists have to register

• allows creation of detention centers for subversives

Rosenberg Case

• =spies

• go to trial for giving secrets of the Manhattan Project to the Russians

• executed in 1953 (very similar to Sacco and Vanzetti)

Army-McCarthy Hearings

• Accuses high ranking officials in Army of communist infiltration

• (April-June) Televised hearings show McCarthy as a bully causing popular opinion to turn against him (along with response to Edward Murrow)

Levittowns

• was the first mass-produced housing development and set a standard for planned subdivisions for decades to come.

• low-priced homes suitable for any wage earner

I Love Lucy

• really popular T.V show in the 50’s

Elvis

• popular singer

• famous weird dance and they had to cover half is body in television

• girls going crazy for him

Beatniks

• were a group of countercultural individuals in the 1950s and 1960s who rejected mainstream society and its values

• known for their unconventional lifestyle, including their love for jazz music, poetry, and fashion J

Jack Kerouac

• apart of the beat movement

• sense of alienation with the consumer society, explored their sexuality, mind-altering drugs, far Eastern religions

• wrote “on the road”

Allen Ginsberg

• apart from the beat movement

• sense of alienation with the consumer society, explored their sexuality, mind-altering drugs, far Eastern religions

• wrote “howl”

Massive Retaliation

• It is a threat to use nuclear weapons to prevent war.

Brinkmanship

• the art or practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping, especially in politics.

Interstate Highway Act 1956

• military protection is a big priority

• eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient routes, traffic jams and all of the other things that got in the way of “speedy, safe transcontinental travel.”

Sputnik

• first satellite ever launched into space by the Soviet union

• it was a big deal and started the space race with the united states

NASA

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• They’re responsible for a lot of amazing space exploration missions, sending astronauts to the moon and launching satellites into orbit

National Defense and Education Act

• it aimed to strengthen the country’s education system in the areas of science, mathematics, and foreign languages

• provided funding for scholarships, loans, and grants to improve education in these fields

Eisenhower Doctrine

• stated that the United States would provide military assistance to middle eastern countries threatened by communism of aggression from other nations

• shows the United States commitment to containing the spread of communism during the Cold War.

U-2 Crisis

• when a u.s spy plane was shot down over Soviet airspace

• increased tensions between the u.s and the Soviet union during the Cold war

1960 Election Debates

New Frontier

Flexible Response

Green Berets

Bay of Pigs

Cuban Missile Crisis

Berlin Crisis

Peace Corps

Great Society

The Other America

War on Poverty

Medicaid/Medicare

Immigration Act 1965

Jackie Robinson

The first African American to play in Major League Baseball.

Dixiecrats: Strom Thurmond

A prominent politician who later became a Republican senator from South Carolina. A faction of Southern Democrats who opposed racial integration and supported segregation.

Progressive Party 1948

A political party formed by dissident Democrats who opposed President Harry Truman's civil rights policies.

Brown vs. Board

A landmark Supreme Court case that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Warren Court

The period when Earl Warren served as Chief Justice of the United States, known for its liberal rulings on civil rights and liberties.

Little Rock

The site of a significant desegregation crisis when African American students were prevented from attending a previously all-white school.

Emmett Till

A young African American boy whose brutal murder in Mississippi became a catalyst for the civil rights movement.

Montgomery Bus Boycott/Rosa Parks

A protest sparked by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger, leading to the desegregation of buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

MLK Jr/SCLC

A prominent civil rights leader and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization he co-founded to advance civil rights through nonviolent protest.

SNCC - sit ins

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, known for organizing sit-ins at segregated lunch counters to protest racial discrimination.

CORE - Freedom Rides

The Congress of Racial Equality, which organized integrated bus rides through the South to challenge segregation on interstate buses.

March on Washington

A massive civil rights demonstration in Washington, D.C., where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

Freedom Summer

A voter registration drive in Mississippi in 1964 aimed at increasing African American political participation.

Civil Rights Act 1964

Landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Selma March

A series of marches from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand voting rights for African Americans, highlighted by "Bloody Sunday."

Voting Rights Act 1965

Legislation that aimed to overcome barriers to voting for African Americans, particularly in the South, by eliminating discriminatory voting practices.

“Black Power”

A movement advocating for African American self-determination, pride, and political and economic empowerment.

Stokely Carmichael (SNCC)

A civil rights leader who coined the term "Black Power" and served as chairman of the SNCC.

Black Panthers

A revolutionary socialist organization founded to protect African American communities from police brutality and promote self-defense.

Huey Newton

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party along with Bobby Seale.

Bobby Seale

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party along with Huey Newton.

Black Muslims

A term referring to members of the Nation of Islam, a religious and political organization advocating for the interests of African Americans.

Malcolm X

A prominent African American Muslim minister and civil rights activist who advocated for black nationalism and self-defense.

Haight-Ashbury

A district in San Francisco known for its association with the counterculture movement of the 1960s, including the hippie movement.

Glass Ceiling

An invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from advancing to senior positions in the workplace.

Baby and Child Care vs The Feminine Mystique

Two influential books that addressed women's roles and expectations in society, written by Dr. Benjamin Spock and Betty Friedan, respectively.

Betty Friedan

Author of "The Feminine Mystique" and a leading figure in the feminist movement.

NOW

The National Organization for Women, founded to advocate for women's rights and gender equality.

ERA

The Equal Rights Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment to guarantee equal rights regardless of sex, which ultimately was not ratified.

Roe vs. Wade

A landmark Supreme Court case that legalized abortion in the United States.

Chicanos

Term referring to Americans of Mexican descent, often associated with the civil rights movement of Mexican Americans.

Cesar Chavez

A labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the United Farm Workers union.

United Farm Workers

A labor union founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta to advocate for the rights of farmworkers, particularly those of Mexican and Filipino descent.

AIM

The American Indian Movement, a Native American advocacy group that fights for indigenous rights and sovereignty.

Occupation of Wounded Knee

A 1973 protest by members of the American Indian Movement against the federal government's treatment of Native Americans, which resulted in a standoff with law enforcement.

Stonewall Riot

A series of spontaneous demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid on the Stonewall Inn in New York City, often credited as the beginning of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.

Affirmative Action

Policies and practices aimed at increasing representation of minorities and women in education, employment, and business to address past and present discrimination.

Bakke vs. California

A Supreme Court case that challenged affirmative action in university admissions, leading to a ruling that race could be considered as one factor among many in admissions decisions.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A 1964 U.S. congressional resolution that gave President Lyndon B. Johnson broad powers to escalate military involvement in Vietnam.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader who was the prime minister (1945–1955) and president (1945–1969) of North Vietnam.

Hawks vs Doves

Terms used during the Vietnam War era to describe individuals or groups who were either in favor of aggressive military action (hawks) or advocated for peaceful solutions and withdrawal from the conflict (doves).

TET Offensive

 A major offensive launched by North Vietnamese forces and Viet Cong guerrillas against South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War in 1968