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50 Terms
The process of changing an organism's genetic code by adding features not typically present
What is genetic engineering?
Allowing the plant to naturally evolve
Which of the following is NOT a step in the genetic engineering process?
An organism that helps spread genetic material
What is a vector in genetic engineering?
A process of modifying genes using bacterial cells
What is transformation in recombinant DNA technology?
Plasmid insertion
Which of the following is NOT a type of vectorless gene transfer?
The Earth is constantly changing
What is the principle of uniformitarianism?
Eon
What is the longest time interval in the geologic time scale?
Precambrian
Which eon represents about 88% of Earth's history?
Visible life
What does "Phanerozoic" mean?
Paleozoic
Which era is known as the "Age of Invertebrates"?
Cambrian
During which period did the "Cambrian explosion" occur?
Devonian
Which period is known as the "age of fishes"?
The most catastrophic mass extinction
What major event ended the Permian period?
Mesozoic
Which era is known as the "Age of Reptiles"?
Jurassic
During which period did the first flowering plants appear?
Cenozoic
Which era is known as the "Age of Mammals"?
The examination of how selective forces impact allele and genotypic frequencies
What is population genetics?
As a change in allele frequency
In population genetics, how is evolution defined?
A random change in allele frequency
What is genetic drift?
An event causing allele frequency change in an isolated part of the population
What is the founder effect?
The stability of genetic makeup in the absence of evolutionary forces
What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle describe?
The frequency of the dominant allele
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p2+2pq+q2=1), what does p represent?
The basic principle of biological evolution
What is descent with modification?
The inability of organisms to produce offspring
What is reproductive isolation?
Hybrid inviability
Which of the following is NOT a type of prezygotic barrier?
Separation of species by breeding season
What is temporal isolation?
When populations of a species relocate to separate habitats
What is habitat isolation?
When species have different courtship rituals
What is behavioral isolation?
When species have incompatible reproductive structures
What is mechanical isolation?
A barrier that prevents gamete fusion
What is a gametic barrier?
A barrier that occurs after zygote formation
What is a postzygotic barrier?
A mechanism that prevents fertilization
What is a prezygotic barrier?
When hybrid organisms cannot survive past embryonic stages
What is hybrid inviability?
When hybrid organisms cannot produce viable gametes
What is hybrid sterility?
When F2 hybrids have reduced fitness or sterility
What is hybrid breakdown?
DNA that has been artificially created
What is recombinant DNA?
To cut DNA at specific sequences
What is the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
A small, circular DNA molecule
What is a plasmid in the context of genetic engineering?
To separate DNA fragments by size
What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis in genetic engineering?
To amplify specific DNA sequences
What is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) used for in genetic engineering?
Presence or absence of a nucleus
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Protista
Which of the following is NOT a domain of life?
A theory about the origin of eukaryotic organelles
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
It marked the rapid diversification of complex animal life
What is the significance of the Cambrian explosion?
Spontaneous generation
Which of the following is NOT a type of evidence for evolution?
The process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
What is natural selection?
Mutations provide the genetic variation upon which natural selection acts
What is the relationship between mutation and evolution?
The formation of a new species
What is speciation?
The evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor
What is adaptive radiation?
The evolution of similar traits in unrelated species due to similar environmental pressures
What is convergent evolution?