apush units 1-2

city upon a hill

idea of having a perfect community for others to look up to as a role model

encomienda

spanish forced labor system of non-christian people

slave codes

Restricted black peoples rights to own property and conduct and business buy land, etc. 

headright system

To a grant of land, usually 50 acres per immigrant, given to land owners throughout the 13 colonies. 

Mercantilism

a belief in the benefits of profitable trading

indentured servitude

forced labor for immigrants for 7 years, at the end promised free land

joint-stock company

a business owned by its investors with each investor owning a share of the company based on the amount they’ve invested

middle passage

a sea journey undertaken by slave ships

praying towns

settlements established by the english to convert native americans to christians

puritanism

behavior or belief that are based on strict morals and religous principles and people should avoid physical pleasures

pre-columbian era

era where the native americans lived before columbus, went across the land bridge to settle in america, before the english and columbus arrived

proprietary colony

a colony that was granted to an individual or a group by the british crown, they have full rights to self govern

king phillips war

native americans last effort to stop english settlement on their native lands

revivalism

encouraging the revival of a religion

solutary englect

british policy of letting the colonies ignore most of the british laws

slavery

a condition in which one human being was owned by another

spanish mission system

catholic missions established by the spanish empire

bacons rebellion

kill all native americans to take over the land

columbian exchange

trade of diseases, goods, food, slaves, trade between africa, america, and england.

great awakening

personal connection with god, instead of relying on a minister

huron confederacy

the huron allied with the french against the brith and iroquois confederacy

pequot war

armed conflict that took place in new england between the pequot tribe and the alliance of the colonists from the MA bay, plymouth, and sabrooke colonies and their allies from the narragansett and mohegan tribes

pueblo revolt

aimed to reclaim pueblo religous practices that the english ripped off of them

salem witch trials

hearing and prosecutions of women accused of witchcraft (103 women)

spanish armada defeat

the english launched 8 fire ships before the wind and tide into the spanish fleet forcing the spanish ships to cut or slip their cables and stand out to sea to avoid catching fire

the “starving time”

the winter of 1609-1610, when food shortages, fracture leadership, and a siege by powhatan indian warriors killes 2 of ever 3 colonists at james fort.

stono uprising

the largest and most significant slave rebellion in the British North American colonies, it revealed tensions that continued in slave states throughout the next century

anne hutchinson

challenged male authority - and indirectly, acceptable gender roles - by preaching to both women and men and by questioning puritan teachings about salvation

bartolome de las casas

an early spanish historian and dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by europeans in the americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there

calvinists (group)

god selected a limited number of souls to grant salvation

christopher columbus

known for his 1492 discovery of the new world of the americas on board his ship santa maria

congregationalists (group)

practice congregational polity, which holds that the members of a local church have the right to decide their churchs forms of worship and confessional statements, choose their own officers and administer their own affairs without any outside

conquistadors

exploring areas of the world unknown to europeans, defeating indigenous armies, and then distributing loot and land

george whitefield

founded the methodist movement, most popular preacher of the evangelical revival in great britain and the great awakening in america

john rolfe

secreaty of virginia, with the experiment of planting the first tobacco seeds, also a member of the governors council, married to pocahontas

john smith

known for his role in establishing the virignia colony at jamestown, englands first permanent colony in north america

jonathan edwards

a minister, theologian, and missionary, he had exercised profound influence not only on the thought, culture, and literary life of his own time but on american society to the present.

juan de onate

established the colony of new mexico for spain

maroons

practiced small-scale agriculture and hunting

mestizos

made up the majority of the conscripts in the army; they became artisans, traders, and local officials

metacomet

a wampanoag, became chief after the deaths of his father, as a leader he took the lead in his tribes trade with the colonists

pilgrims

english settlers who travleed to america on the mayflower, established the plymouth colony in plymouth massachusetts

plains tribes

traveled constantly to find food hunted large animals such as bison (buffalo), deer and elk

pocahontas

fostered peace between english colonists and native americans by befriending the settlers at the jamestown colony in virginia and eventually marrying one of them

powhatan confederacy

a powerful alliance of 30 native american nations organized to originally protect agaisnt the nations of the iroqois confederacy

pueblo people

peaceful farmers, herdsmen, basketmakers, and potters

puritans

English Protestants who believed that the reforms of the Church of England did not go far enough

roger williams

founded the colony of providence in present-day rhode island in 1636

separatists

seperate from the perceived corruption of the church of england and form independent local churches

virginia company

bring profit to its shareholders and to establish an english colony in the new world

sir walter raleigh

one of the most famous explorers of elizabeth I’s reign, also a scholar

wampanoags

during the summer they moved to the rivers, ponds, and oceans to plant crops, fish, and gather foods from the forests

zambos

developed as the descendants of a group of African slaves who revolted in 1640 on a slave ship

bering strait

during the ice age the sea level fell by several hundred feet, making the strait into a land bridge between asia and north america

the chesapeake

native american tribe

jamestown

named after thier king, james I, when 104 men and boys arrived in 1607 to start a settlement, they picked jamestown virginia

the lower south

a land of cotton and slavery, a land dominated economically by the plantation agriculture

massachusetts bay colony

an english settlement on the east coast of north america around the massachusetts bay

middle colonies

included pennsylvania, new york, new jersey and delaware, served as an important distribution center in the english mercantile system

new england

the oldest clearly defined region of the us, being settled more than 150 years before the american revolution

act of toleration

ensured religous freedoms to christian settlers of different denominations who settled in maryland

dominion of new england

a group of british colonies in new england that joined together in the 17th century

fundamental orders of connecticut

stated the powers and limits of government

halfway covenant

religous political solution adopted by the 17th century new england congregationalists, also called puritans, that allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights

maryland toleration acts

It was the first law in North America to require religious tolerance for Christians, and was the first instance of the separation of church and state in colonial America

mayflower compact

an agreement that bound the signers to obey the government and legal system established in plymouth colony

navigation acts

required all trade between england and the colonies to be carried in english or colonial vessels