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heart size
5 in long
3.5 diameter
2.5 thickness
Female heart
smaller, less in weight compared to male heart
heart beat
can be easily palpated and auscultated
In a healthy person the blood flows
unidirectionally (one way)
precordium
the area on the chest to listen for heart sounds
pericardium
double layered sac that encloses the heart
fluid between the pericardium
is there to reduce friction when the heart is contracting
when cardiac valves are pathologic
forward blood flow is restricted, resulting in regurgitation or cardiac murmurs
S1
lub
first heart sound
made due to the closure of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral valves)
when ventricles are filled, loudest at the apex of the heart (bottom)
S2
dub
second heart sound
made due to the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic valves)
when ventricles empty blood to the pulmonic artery and aorta
loudest at the base of the heart (top)
interatrial septum
separates the left and right atrium
interventricular septum
separates the left and right ventricle
pulse grading
1+: faint, weak and thready
2+: normal pulse
3+: brisk
4+: bounding
aortic area
2nd ICS
Rt sternal boarder
S2 louder than S1
pulmonic area
2nd ICS
Lft sternal boarder
S2 louder than S1
Erbs point area
3rd ICS
Lft sternal boarder
S1=S2
Tricuspid area
4th ICS
Lft sternal border
S1 louder than S2
Mitral area
5th ICS
Lft midclavicular line
S1 louder than S2
Cardiac murmurs are associated with
tricuspid regurgitation
tricuspid stenosis
mitral regurgitation
mitral stenosis
aortic regurgitation
Cardiac murmur grading
1/6: barely audible
6/6: loudest
major risk factors for heart disease
HTN
Smoking
Diabetes
Obesity
High Cholesterol
Heart sounds are interpreted according to
pitch
duration
intensity
phase
angle of louis
in line with the second rib
how to name ICS
by the rib above
cardiac nerve supplying the heart
sympathetic nerves
parasympathetic nerves
sympathetic nerves
cardiac nerves that are responsible for the stimulation of the heart
increases heart rate
increases dilatation of the coronary arteries
parasympathetic nerves
cardiac nerves that are responsible for decrease in the stimulation of the heart
decrease in heart rate
decrease in dilatation of the coronary arteries
Point of maximal impulse (PMI)
heard the loudest at the 5th ICS, left midclavicular line
can be palpated or auscultated
PMI in infants
loudest at the 4th ICS, left midclavicular line
heart is horizontally positioned
Percussion of the heart
anticipated dullness sound
Normal BP
<120/80
Prehypertension
120/80- 139/89
HTN
140/90
African americans
have a higher incident of HTN
pedal pulses
located lateral and parallel to the big toe
popliteal pulses
located medially behind the knees
femoral pulses
located at the inguinal area
posterior tibialis
located at the grove behind the medial malleolus and Achillies tendon
radial pulses
located lateral to the wrist, in line with the thumbs
ulner pulses
located medial to the wrist, in line with the small finger
ECG
electrical representation of cardiac cycles that are documented by the deflection on recording paper
Electrical initiation of the heart
occurs in the SA node (pacemaker)
fires at 60-100 joules/ min
AV node
fires at 60 j/min
bundle branches
fires at 40-60 j/min
cardiac depolarization or contraction
occurs when cardiac currents fire from the SA nodes and spread across the atria causing a cardiac contraction
during this time the cardiac cells are positively charged
Repolarization
cardiac cells are relaxed
negatively charged
Imbalance of electrolytes
such as sodium, potassium, and calcium
can result in dysregulation of the cardiac contraction system
P-wave
atrial depolarization/ contraction
atrial repolarization
is hidden behind the QRS complex
QRS
ventricular depolarization/ contraction
T-wave
ventricular repolarization/ relaxation
ventricular tachycardia
rhythm is rapid, regular heart beat
as high as 200 bpm
heart block
slow heart rate
as low as 20-40 bpm
conduction between the atria and ventricles are disrupted
S/S of heart failure
JV pulsation over 3cm, with head above 45*
low BP
fatigue
tachycardia
HR >120 bpm
ankle edema
SOB
S3 on auscultation
weak peripheral pulses
Severe aortic regurgitation
syncronous head bobbing with heart beat
infective endocarditis
thin red line (splinter hemorrhage)
present on the nailbeds of a cardiac patient
atrial insufficency
legs are cold with no hair growth
venous insufficency
legs are warm with pain from prolonged sitting or standing
Raynauds syndrome
fingers and hands have intermittent skin pallor and rubor
allens test
used to determine patency in the radial and ulnar arteries
varicosity
does not disappear when legs are elevated
when intake is > than output
the client is retaining fluids
JVD > 3cm causes
increased venous pressure
fluid overload (CHF)
pressure at the superior vena cava
female Caucasians 65-74 yrs
have a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases
native Americans below the age of 35
have 2x incidence of cardiovascular death or mortality
smoking
is attributed to cardiovascular diseases
Use of cocaine
is attributed to
HTN
MI
ruptured aorta
S3 (ventricular gallop)
occurs when there are vibrations when the AV valves open and blood goes to the ventricles.
heard after S2
May be heard in
healthy children
healthy adults
3rd trimester of pregnancy
S4 (atrial gallop)
occurs by atrial contraction and ejection of blood to the ventricles in late diastole
heard before s1
can be heard in
healthy children
well fit individuals
healthy elderly
tetraology of fallot
4 cardiac defects
dextroposition of aorta
pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
ventricular septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus
opening between pulmonary artery and descending aorta
should close 24-48 hours after birth
if it does not close you will hear cardiac murmurs upon auscultation
Foramen ovale
passage way of blood between the right and left atria
should close shortly after birth
failure to close then cardiac murmurs can be heard
70% of children
will have innocent cardiac murmur
common with fever or anemia
innocent cardiac murmurs
arise from high blood flow across normal heart structures
conditions that increase metabolism
like fever and anemia will increase cardiac murmurs
average heart beat in 24hrs
100,000
when all blood vessels are connected end to end
it totals 60,000 miles
would go 2x around the world
MI
feeling of indigestion
nausea
SOB
GERD
feeling of indigestion
nauseas
SOB
eructation
hoarseness
pulses paradoxus
abnormally large decrease in BP during inspiration
as much as 10mmHg
causes of pulses paradoxus
immune system response due to heart attack or cardiac surgery