Anatomy Nervous System Test

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The nervous system is divided into

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The nervous system is divided into

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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Function of the Nervous System

Master control center for the body, detects impulses from the center

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Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves not in brain/spinal cord

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Cranial Nerves

Originate in the brain, 12 to help control body

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Spinal Nerves

Originate in the spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System is divided into

Sensory (Afferent) Division and Motor (Efferent) Division

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Sensory (Afferent) Division

Sends impulses from the senses AT the CNS

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Motor (Efferent) Division

Sends impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands (EXITS)

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The Motor division divides into the

Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System

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Autonomic Nervous System

Involuntary muscle control like digestion, urination, heart pumping

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Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary muscle control like muscular skeletal movements

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The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into the

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

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Sympathetic Division

Used in emergency situations, fight or flight response

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Parasympathetic Division

Reduces the sympathetic response, provides resting functions such as digestion and urination.

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Effects of an activated Sympathetic/fight or flight

Heart rate and breathing rate increase, blood pumped to the extremities for physical activities and is diverted from organs

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What system does the nervous system work with?

The Endocrine System

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For the nervous system to do its job it uses

Sensory input, integration, and response

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Sensory input

Detects changes/stimuli inside and outside of the body

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Integration

Processing and interpreting the information

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Response

Activation of muscles (motor output) or glands

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The 2 major types of nerve cells are

Neurons and neuroglia

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Neurons

Conduct impulses around the body, make up 10% of nerve cells

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Neuroglia

Act as nerve glue & support, insulate, and protect neurons, make up 90% of nerve cells

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What do all neurons have in common?

A main cell body and processes extending outward.

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<p>The cell body contains the</p>

The cell body contains the

Nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles

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Processes of a neuron are divided into

Dendrites and Axons

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<p>Dendrites</p>

Dendrites

Bring impulses TOWARDS the cell body

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<p>Axons</p>

Axons

Send impulses AWAY from the cell body

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What do processes end with?

Axon terminals

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<p>Axon terminals</p>

Axon terminals

Release neurotransmitters to pass the impulse to the next neuron

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MS disease

Myelin sheath degenerates, motor function issue

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Neurons are classified by

number of processes extending from the cell body and their function

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<p>One process</p>

One process

Unipolar neurons

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<p>Two processes</p>

Two processes

Bipolar neurons

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<p>many processes</p>

many processes

Multipolar neurons

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Afferent neurons

Carry impulses AT the CNS

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Efferent neurons

Carry impulses away from the CNS (EXITS)

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Interneurons

Connect afferent and efferent neurons.

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What are axons wrapped in?

Myelin, which is like a waxy insulation.

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How is myelin formed?

Schwann cells (type of neuroglia) wrap itself around the axon, like a coil, helping it move faster with support and protection.

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<p>Neurilemma</p>

Neurilemma

Outer layers of the Schwann cell

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What does myelin do?

Helps the nerve impulses to travel more quickly.

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<p>Myelin sheath</p>

Myelin sheath

All of the myelin wrappings collectively.

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<p>Nodes of Ranvier</p>

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps formed because the myelin sheath has many Schwann cells.

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Where are Neuroglial cells found

In both the CNS and PNS.

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Neuroglial cells in the CNS

Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

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<p>Astrocytes</p>

Astrocytes

Support and ANCHOR neurons to surrounding capillaries, giving blood to surrounding tissues

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<p>Microglia</p>

Microglia

Provide immune response to to CNS

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Meningitis

Meninges infection, microglia help

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<p>Ependymal cells</p>

Ependymal cells

Secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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<p>Oligodendrocytes</p>

Oligodendrocytes

Provide myelin insulation to neurons in the Central Nervous System.

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Neuroglial cells in the Peripheral Nervous System

Satellite cells, Schwann cells

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<p>Satellite cells</p>

Satellite cells

SUPPORT and anchor neurons in the PNS.

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<p>Schwann cells</p>

Schwann cells

Provide myelin insulation to neurons in the PNS.

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What is a nerve impulse

An electrical signal that travels along a neuron

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How do nerve impulses arise

It arises from a movement of ions causing a change in electrical charges.

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How is intracellular space charged?

Negatively charged (resting potential)

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How is extracellular space charged?

Positively charged (resting potential)

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What happens when a neuron is stimulated by the environment or another neuron?

Sodium rushes into the neuron, and quickly reverses the charges (Depolarization), this process quickly moves down the length of a neuron.

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What is depolarization known as?

Action potential

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What happens as the impulse passes?

Potassium diffuses out of the neuron (Repolarization)

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Refractory period

Spike down caused by ions moving back to original spots

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What does sodium potassium pump do after repolarization?

Restores ion concentrations to normal, resting potential returns. (All or Nothing event) → Homeostasis

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What are some problems with the Na K pump if it doesn’t work?

Congestive heart failure

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Synapse

Where two neurons meet

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Synaptic cleft

The space between the two neurons at a synapse because the neurons don’t touch.

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What happens when an impulse reaches the axon terminal?

It can’t cross the gap between the two neurons, so it stimulates vesicles to release neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft.

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<p>How do neurotransmitters open the next neuron?</p>

How do neurotransmitters open the next neuron?

They cause channels to open, continuing the action potential from one neuron to the next.

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What is an example that uses this process?

When you take drugs that cause hormones to be released like Caffiene.

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What chemical helps impulses travel?

Calcium ions

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What are the 3 layers of connective tissue that protect the brain and spinal cord called? (blood-brain barrier)

Meninges

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Layers of meninges from top to bottom

Skin, Periosteum, Bone, Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia Mater

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Dura mater

Thick, tough layer

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Arachnoid membrane

Thin, cobweb-like layer

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Pia Mater

Thin layer containing lots of blood vessels

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What is between the Arachnoid layer and the pia mater?

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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What does the cerebrospinal fluid do

Protects the brain by preventing it from contacting the skull & maintains the blood brain barrier.

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What does the blood brain barrier do?

Controls homeostasis for the brain and prevents infection.

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Where is CSF produced

Spaces within the brain called ventricles

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<p>What are the four ventricles?</p>

What are the four ventricles?

Lateral (Right and Left), 3rd and 4th ventricles.

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<p>How are the lateral ventricles connected to the third ventricle?</p>

How are the lateral ventricles connected to the third ventricle?

The thin interventricular (inter= between ventricles) foramen → Foramen of Monro (hole)

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<p>What are choroid plexuses</p>

What are choroid plexuses

Clusters of capillaries in the ventricles that secrete CSF, causing it to flow around the ventricles, then be absorbed by arachnoid granulations in the blood.

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What is CSF constantly doing in the ventricles?

Being produced, circulated, and reabsorbed. (Continuously and closed)

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Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres (right and left)

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How are the two hemispheres of the brain connected?

A bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum.

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What is the surface of the cerebrum covered with?

Ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

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What are the deep grooves that divide portions of the brain?

Fissures

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What are the brain’s 3 major layers from superficial to deep?

Cerebral cortex, cerebral medulla, basal nuclei

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Cerebral cortex

Gray matter, made of cell bodies and dendrites

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Cerebral medulla

White matter, made of myelinated axons.

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Basal nuclei

Islands of gray matter

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How is the cerebrum divided?

It is divided into 4 lobes based on their functions, and are named for parts of the skull protecting them.

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<p>Frontal lobe</p>

Frontal lobe

Controls voluntary movements like walking, reasoning + decision making. memory, predicting consequences. planning, verbal communication in Broca’s area

<p>Controls voluntary movements like walking, reasoning + decision making. memory, predicting consequences. planning, verbal communication in Broca’s area</p>
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How is the frontal lobe separated from the parietal lobe?

The central sulcus

<p>The central sulcus</p>
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<p>Parietal lobe</p>

Parietal lobe

Sensations like pain, temperature, and touch, visual spatial processing and body position.

<p>Sensations like pain, temperature, and touch, visual spatial processing and body position.</p>
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<p>Occipital lobe</p>

Occipital lobe

Visual processing, vision and memory of objects.

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How is the temporal lobe separated from the frontal lobe?

Lateral sulcus

<p>Lateral sulcus</p>
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<p>Temporal lobe</p>

Temporal lobe

Controls memory, comprehension and pronunciation of words. smell and sound, emotional association of memories.

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Diencephalon

Small nondescript region within the cerebrum

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