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when we talk about violence today what comes to mind

violence, behavior involving physical force intended to injure harm or kill someone as well as aggression, hostile or violent behavior or attitude toward another, is spreading like a disease

Pinker told the stories in the hebrew bible becasue

they offer a window into the lives and values of old civilizations

dead sea scrolls

hebrew bible, life and faith in ancient times, now in philly

otzi the ice man and kennewick are examples of

victims of violence

pinker uses the word a foreign country to refer to?

the past 8000 BCE- 1970s

UCR?

started by fbi, 1929, shows offenses known to police- rape, homicide, robbery, aggravated assault

FBI crimes reported- homicide

5 murders per 100,000

FBI crimes reported- rapes

25 rapes per 100,000

FBI reported crimes- robbery

109 per 100,000

FBI crimes reported- aggravated assault

229 per 100,000

Problems with police data

not reported more than 50 percent, bias/error in reports, misconduct, racial profiling, not all police departments submit and definition of crimes

National Crime Victim Survey

report unreported crimes, violent victimizations, sexual assault, robbery aggravated assault

NCVS reports

16.4 per 1,000

college students have ____ victimization rates than nonstudents

lower

Pros of victim surveys

long data series, 1973, same definitions of crimes across, uncovering crimes not reported, information on victims

cons of victim surveys

difficulties in conducting surveys but NCVS has a high response rate, bias in reporting

3 main sources of crime data

police, offender self report, victim surveys

types of violence not well measured

terrorism and racial ethnic violence

how to reduce crime- pinker

examine the declines from the past in order to identify hypothesized reasons for those declines

annual rate of murders in UK

1-2

annual rate of murders in US

5-10

there was a homicide ___ rate in 90s

drop

why do some cities have higher rates of homicides

poverty, social disorganization, straing, crime opportunity, population structure, urbanism

what is lynching

person was killed illegally by a group of 3 plus under pretext of prejudices, race, tradition

which of the following is not necessary component needed for examining crime trend

modern statistical software

Pinkers trends

prehistoric , pacification process, civilizing process, humanitarian process, long peace

the levianthan

disinterested 3rd party has monopoly on violence (law)

Gentle Commerce

positive sum trade, incentives

feminization

more female decision makers, margery thatch, women less violent

expanding circle

empathy- seeing things from another perspective and criminology- interpersonal contract theory effective

social control theory

people commit crimes because of ties between family friends bonds lack

social learning theory

people commit crimes because those around them are

when it comes to violence the US is not a country its ____ countries

3

the a-hole study was conducted in?

michigan

in the us, the annual homicide rate got stuck in the

5-15 per 100,000

the herding hypothesis is often used to explain violence associated with

south culture of honors

why is south more violent

culture of honor, legacy of slavery, poverty/inequality, temperature

Pinker's argument on race

related, but not a race issue

richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen argued

honor culture increase southern crime

Moralistic

west, collective actions, common good

indivudalistic

easat, marketplace, individual interest

traditional

south, status quo, government by elites

empirical tests show southern culture of honor but

there is patchy evidence

According to Pinker, the economy is a good predictor that explains the drop in the 1990s

false, inequality

Researchers use Gini index to measure

income inequality

what caused crime in the 1980s

rise in urban minority, crack epidemic, youth violence

cause of crime drop in 1990s

no unified theory, popular one is tough on crime and better policing

reasons for crime drop dismissed by 1990s Pinker

aging, economy and mood

Civilizing offensive

attempts of certain people to influence and change the behavior and attitudes of others through ideological means (NORBERT)

Cesare Beccaria

believed that punishment should fit the crime, in speedy and public trials, and that capital punishment should be done away with completely

Condition of civilization- NORBERT ELIAS

state formation, government control and upper class influence lower

Why is the age of reason important

undermined monarchy, church, science

which of the following wa written by cesare bacaria

on crimes and punishments

according to pinker, which of the following is a better candidate for explaining humanitarian revolution

book production

In europe, the abolition of capital punishment snowballed after

WW2

How was crime viewed before Caesar beccaria

devil, supernatlism, tempation

principles of cesare beccaria

proportion, muster deter, public, certainty, promptness more than severity

How did cesare beccaria feel about the death penalty

against it

Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Pinkers idea on humantiarian

science, reason, empathy

The Rights revolution refers to

growth of rights movement in US, Britain, Canada,

the author of pilgrimage to nonviolence is

martin luther king jr

according to pinker, which of the following will not help reduce violence against women

women in collectivist society

hate crime statistics from FBI have been available since

1990s

implicit bias

attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner

Convert racism

form of racism discrimination that is disguised and subtle

moralization gap

when conflict present, we overestimate our own good intentions and underestimate intentions of others

Big mistake hypothesis

propose that contemporary human cooperation results from psychological predispositions that were made when we lived in small groups

manipulation hypothesis

that people are either tricked or coerced into cooperating in the interests of others

heart on your sleeve hypothesis

humans are cooperative because they can truly signal cooperative intentions

Moralistic reciprocacy hypothesis

language and cognitive allow us to engage and manage more people

cultural group selection hypothesis

extensive human cooperation is a side effect of rapid cultural adaptation

stragtic situtations

anything where what i do effects your outcomes

Prisoner's Dilemma

a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial b better

How to avoid prisoners dilemma

communication, copperatio, regulations

what is rational

behavior guided by conscious reasonnign not excperince

rational choice theory

individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Maryland Justice Reinvestment act

prisons for violence and serious offenders

reauthorization of violence against women act

was in 1991, started an up roar of women speaking out

US v. Morrison

Struck down part of the Violence Against Women Act; limitation of application of Commerce Clause- cannot sue them for money only state

In Reiss and roth the panels main interest is in

interpersonal violence

Xie et 2012 used ___ data to study violence against women

NCVS

Collective violence

use of violence by members of a group to another for a politici, economic oro their objectives

Interpersonal violence

behavior by persons against person that intentionally threatened or attempt to inflict harm

The UN Declaration of the elimination of violence against women define

any act of gender based violence that results or likely to in physical, sedual or psychological harm or suffering to women

women in labor force

increase stronger violence from acquiance, decrease in intimate

systematic data on school violence available in

1970s

Under agnews strain theory

it includes negative experiences and events in social relationships at school and work effect crime

the use of profiles is problematic because

false postive, bias, stimatize students

ignorance by design

since 90s, congress has prevented federal agencies from gathering data on gun violence

school shootings are____

rare usually at homes

is gun violence increasing

barely, not really

DC v. Heller

Struck down a Washington DC ordinance that banned handguns

according to pinker, predatory violence is not

always dont by a psychopath

according to pinker, intermale aggression is related to

domiance violence

according to pinker, the psychology of predatory violence includes all but

self handicapping

when do children begin to experience and express different emotions

newborn, 9 months all

primary basic emotions number

5/6/7

what inhibits physical aggression

temperment and attachments