Human Bio

Label 1

Aorta - carries oxygenated blood to the body

Label 2

Superior Vena Cava - carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body

Label 3

Pulmonary Arteries - carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Label 4

Pulmonary Veins - carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Label 5

Right Atrium - receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.

Label 6

Right Atrioventricular Valve - valve that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Label 7

Right Ventricle - pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

Label 8

Inferior Vena Cava - large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

Label 9

Pulmonary Artery - vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

Label 10

Pulmonary Veins - vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Label 11

Left Atrium - receives oxygenated blood from lungs

Label 12

Left Atrioventricular Valve - valve that allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Label 13

Left Semilunar Valve - receives oxygenated blood from left ventricle and pumps it to body

Label 14

Left Ventricle - receives oxygenated blood from left atrium and pumps it to aorta

Label 16

Right Semilunar Valve - receives deoxygenated blood from right ventricle and pumps it to lungs

Heart

The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing carbon dioxide and waste.

Valves

structures in the heart that open and close to make sure blood only flows in one direction

Circulatory System

The organ system responsible for the transportation of blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and removal of waste throughout the body

Respiratory System

The organ system responsible for breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body

Blood

Transport link between the cells of all body systems

Double Circulation

The blood passes twice through the heart making one complete round through body

Veins

Thin, inelastic wall, low blood pressure, contains valves, takes blood towards heart

Arteries

Thick, muscular, elastic walls, high blood pressure, takes blood away from heart

Capillaries

Link arteries and veins, 1 layer of cells, carry blood close to cells in body, deliver nutrients and take away waste

Diastole

Heart muscles relax and chambers fill with blood

Systole

Heart muscles contract and pump blood

Pulmonary Circulation

Responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

Systematic Circulation

Pathway of blood flow that delivers oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body

Leucocytes

White blood cells, 1%, defend body against infections and foreign invaders, formed in bone marrow

Plasma

55%, mixture of water with dissolved substances, transports cells, nutrients, wastes, hormones, proteins, and antibodies

Erythorcytes

Red blood cells, 40-45%, biconcave shape, no nucleus, transport oxygen, formed in bone marrow, destroyed by macrophages after 100-120 days

Thrombocytes

Platelets, small cell fragments, adhere to lining and form scaffold (blood to form a clot)

ABO Blood System Types

Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O

Type A Blood

Antigen A, antibody B, can donate to A AB, can receive from A O

Type B Blood

Antigen B, Antibody A, can donate to B AB, can receive from B O

Type AB Blood

Antigen A + B, neither antibodies, can donate to AB, can receive from A B AB O

Type O Blood

Neither antigen, Antibody A + B, can donate to A B AB O, can receive from O

Antigen

Sugar and protein molecules on the surface of red blood cells that can stimulate an immune response

Antibody

In response to exposure to an antigen

Rhesus Factor Grouping

Rh antigens = Positive, No Rh antigens = negative

Positive

Rh antigen, cannot produce anti Rh

Negative

no Rh antigens, can produce anti Rh

Universal Donor

O- as it has no antigens present on red blood cells which means no agglutination would be caused in any recipient

Universal Recipient

AB+ as there are no anti A or anti B in blood so no agglutination would be caused in any recipient

Lymphatic System Function

Collect some fluid that escapes from blood capillaries and return it to circulatory + plays role in internal defence against disease causing organisms

Tissue Fluid vs Plasma

Plasma contains more protein molecules

Lymph

Clear, colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system

Lymphatic System Structure

Network of lymph capillaries joined to larger lymph vessels and lyph nodes along length of some lymph vessels

Substances that CANNOT pass through capillary walls

anything other than oxygen, water, proteins, fats

Semi Permeable Membrane

Allows some substances to pass through but restricts movements of larger molecules

How do substances move from blood into cells

Diffusion - substances moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

How are lungs well suited to their function

Large surface area, moist environment, and rich blood supply

Inspiration

Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles contract, ribs move up and out, volume in chest cavity increases, pressure in lungs decreases, air moves high to low pressure into lungs

Expiration

Diaphragm relaxes, intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and in, volume in chest cavity decreases, pressure inside lungs increases, air moves high to low pressure out of lungs

Inhalation Order

Nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli