gilded age test part 2

Ante Bellum

period before war

The U.S. was trying to avoid war

“Little Giant” — Stephen Douglas

Stephen Douglas

problem with sectionalism

Lincoln focuses on war

and so does the entire nation

The rest of the world

ahead of the U.S. in the Industrial Revolution

Laissez-faire approach

government stayed out of business because it was busy with war

High demand for American products

business grows because of unfettered capitalism

Issues with labor and farmers arise

They could fight back by organizing and being political

Political action

getting politicians to support their causes

Laborers

began to strike and form unions

Republicans during the Gilded Age

ran the government

Only Democratic president during this period

Grover Cleveland

Republicans dominated because

Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion

Democrats supported

alcohol, Catholics, and the Civil War

Democrats accepted everyone

but represented too many views

Republicans

pro-business

Democrats

pro-labor

Middle class

rising and had disposable income

Amusements for middle class

vaudeville, sports, nickelodeons

Women’s suffrage movement

ruled by the states

Immigration

driven by need for labor

Chinese

welcomed at first but then excluded

Irish immigration

caused by the potato famine

Irish, Italians, some Germans

were Catholic

Catholic immigrants

joined the Democratic Party

Backlash against Catholics

through the APA (American Protective Association)

APA

anti-Catholic Protestant group

APA belief

Pope would control the U.S. because Catholics followed him

Result of APA beliefs

Catholic and Jewish schools were formed

Mainstream Americans

did not want immigrants

Nativism

favoring white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (“our kind”)

Booker T. Washington

believed in gradual assimilation

Washington founded

Tuskegee Institute

Washington’s method

influence people gradually so they accept change

W.E.B. Du Bois

wanted immediate assimilation

Du Bois’ belief

African Americans already deserved rights as citizens

Ida B. Wells

anti-lynching activist and women’s suffrage supporter

Ida B. Wells mentor

Frederick Douglass

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

fought against alcohol abuse

Reason for WCTU

men spent wages on drinking and gambling

Goal of WCTU

protect families and stop domestic violence

Social Settlements

provided services cities could not

Hull House

Jane Addams in Chicago

Henry Street Settlement

Lillian Wald in New York

Frances Willard

helped marginalized women through social reform

Purpose of settlement houses

helped poor and immigrant women cities ignored

People left cities for farms

realized too late it was a mistake

Urban machines

private city politics, Boss Tweed, Ward Boss Plunkitt

Thomas Nast

first famous political cartoon satire artist

New Metropolis

city culture and amusements for middle class

Frederick Law Olmsted

designed Central Park for the rich

Ragtime and city blues

new music style by Scott Joplin that influenced jazz

High culture in New York

museums, opera houses, music halls, universities, libraries

Andrew Carnegie

funded libraries and cultural institutions for the poor

Sports

grew among the middle class

Baseball

founded 1839, Civil War slowed growth, 1876 Cincinnati Reds first major league

Football

first college game Rutgers vs Princeton, not professional until 1920s

Amusement parks, music, and sports

aimed at the middle class

Urban journalism

Alexis de Tocqueville said U.S. success came from literacy and newspapers

Periodicals

like The Atlantic went in depth

Carl Schurz

said U.S. had a problem with corruption

Jacob Riis

photojournalist who wrote How the Other Half Lives about tenement life

Social work

became a profession with Addams and Wald leading examples

Lincoln Steffens

exposed city corruption in The Shame of the Cities

Commission systems

police and city reformers like Theodore Roosevelt

Joseph Pulitzer

urban journalist who created tabloids and respected papers

William Randolph Hearst

rival publisher, also influential

Pulitzer Prize

top journalism award

Henry Dawes

created Dawes Severalty Act to assimilate Native Americans

Frances Willard

leader of WCTU, believed alcohol caused domestic violence and poverty

Andrew Carnegie

steel magnate who gave back through philanthropy

Henry Clay Frick

anti-union partner of Carnegie who caused the Homestead Strike

Homestead Strike

violent conflict between Frick, strikers, and Pinkertons

Carnegie after Homestead Strike

became more philanthropic and less of a robber baron

Republicans blamed Democrats for

Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion

Election of 1892

Harrison vs Cleveland vs Weaver (Cleveland won)

James Weaver

Populist Party candidate representing Midwest concerns

Gold vs silver debate

gold backed currency but silver was cheaper and wanted by Midwest

Omaha Platform of 1892

Populist reform goals like direct election of senators and public railroads

1893 recession

Cleveland turned to J.P. Morgan for gold to stabilize economy

J.P. Morgan

bailed out the federal government with gold

Jacob Coxey

led Coxey’s Army march to Washington for economic reform

Coxey’s Army

only 500 joined despite expectation of 10,000

Homer Plessy

challenged segregation laws in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Plessy v. Ferguson

ruled “separate but equal” constitutional

Justice John Marshall Harlan

dissented, saying “separate but equal” was not constitutional

William McKinley

Ohio Republican, supported tariffs to protect American goods

McKinley Tariff

raised prices on goods, worsened recession

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate who used biblical language in speeches

Democrats and Populists

combined ideas, leading to Populist decline

McKinley’s allies

Mark Hanna, Sherman, Gage, Alger, McKenna

Mark Twain

described the Gilded Age as shiny outside, rotten inside

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

showed poor treatment of African Americans

George Bellows

painted dark tenement scenes

Winslow Homer

painted bright scenes and symbolism of danger and calm

Thomas Eakins

painted sports and medical scenes showing realism

James McNeill Whistler

painted Whistler’s Mother, emotional and simple style

John Singer Sargent

painted the gruesome side of war