Trial - Med MOA and Class

Acetaminophen

Class: Antipyretic, Non-opioid Analgesic.

Inhibits prostaglandin E2, raises pain threshold, resets hypothalamic heat regulation.

Activated Charcoal

Class: Absorbent, Antidote.

Binds toxins in GI tract, preventing systemic absorption.

Adenosine

Class: Antiarrhythmic.

Slows AV node conduction, interrupts re-entrant pathways, suppresses pacemaker cells → chemical cardioversion.

Albuterol

Class: Bronchodilator / anti-asthmatic

Selective beta-2 agonist → relaxes bronchial smooth muscle → rapid bronchodilation.

Amiodarone

Class: Antiarrhythmic.

Prolongs myocardial action potential (phase 3) and refractory period. Noncompetitive α/β blocker, delays repolarization.

Ancef (Cefazolin)

Class: Cephalosporin Antibiotic.

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis → unstable wall → cell death.

Aspirin

Class: Antiplatelet, NSAID.

Irreversibly blocks thromboxane A2 formation → inhibits platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.

Atropine

Class: Antiarrythmic, Parasympatholytic, Antivagolytic

Competitively blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors → inhibits parasympathetic effects.

Calcium Chloride

Class: Electrolyte.

Increases myocardial contractility and ventricular automaticity;

antidote for hyperK, MgSO4, and calcium channel blocker toxicity.

Captopril

Class: ACE Inhibitor, Antihypertensive.

Blocks conversion of angiotensin I → II, reducing preload, afterload, sodium/water retention.

Dexamethasone

Class: Corticosteroid, Adrenal Glucocorticoid

Inhibits inflammatory and immune responses.

Dextrose

Class: Nutrient.

Increases blood glucose concentrations.

Diazepam (Valium)

Class: Benzodiazepine.

Enhances GABA-A activity in CNS → sedation, anticonvulsant, anxiolysis, muscle relaxation.

Diltiazem (Cardizem)

Class: Calcium Channel Blocker.

Inhibits calcium entry into cardiac cells → slows AV conduction, prolongs refractory period.

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

Class: Antihistamine.

H1 receptor blocker → reduces histamine-induced bronchoconstriction and vasodilation.

Dobutamine

Class: Adrenergic Inotropic agent

Beta-1 agonist → ↑ contractility and stroke volume; mild beta-2 activity.

Dopamine

Class: Inotropic, Vasopressor.

Dose-dependent: β1 stimulation → ↑ cardiac output; α stimulation (higher dose) → vasoconstriction.

Droperidol

Class: Antiemetic, Antipsychotic.

Blocks dopamine receptors in CTZ (antiemetic); enhances GABA activity → sedation and anxiolysis.

DuoNeb (Albuterol + Ipratropium (Atrovent))

Class: Bronchodilator, antiasthmatic

Albuterol: beta-2 agonist → bronchodilation. Ipratropium: muscarinic antagonist → ↓ cGMP, bronchodilation.

Enalapril

Class: ACE Inhibitor, Antihypertensive.

Blocks conversion of angiotensin I → II, reducing preload, afterload, sodium/water retention.

Epinephrine 1mg/mL (IM) 1:1000

Class: Non-selective adrenergic agonist.

Strong α vasoconstriction; β1 ↑ HR/contractility; β2 bronchodilation. Used IM for anaphylaxis/asthma.

Epinephrine 0.1mg/mL (IV/IO) 1:10000

Class: Vasopressor.

Same α/β profile as IM but IV/IO route for cardiac arrest. Potent vasoconstrictor and inotrope.

Etomidate

Class: Hypnotic.

GABA-like effects → rapid sedation. Precise MOA unknown.

Fentanyl

Class: Opioid Analgesic.

Binds μ-opioid receptors → analgesia, euphoria.

Furosemide (Lasix)

Class: Non-potassium sparing Loop Diuretic.

Inhibits Na/Cl reabsorption in loop of Henle and distal tubule → diuresis.

Glucagon

Class: Hormone

Stimulates glycogenolysis → ↑ blood glucose. Also bypasses β-receptors to improve contractility in β-blocker/CCB overdose.

Hydrocortisone (solu-cortef)

Class: Corticosteroid, adrenal glucocorticoid

Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, salt-retaining effects.

Hydroxocobalamin

Class: Antidote.

Binds cyanide 1:1 → forms cyanocobalamin (B12) excreted in urine.

Ibuprofen

Class: NSAID.

Nonselective COX inhibitor → ↓ prostaglandin synthesis → analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory.

Ketamine

Class: Anesthetic.

NMDA receptor antagonist; also interacts with opioid, monoaminergic, muscarinic, Ca channels → dissociation, analgesia.

Levalbuterol (Xopenex)

Class: Sympathomimetic, bronchodilator, short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist

Selectively stimulates β2 receptors → bronchodilation. Lower side-effect profile than albuterol.

Levophed (Norepinephrine)

Class: Adrenergic receptor agonist

Strong α1 vasoconstriction > β1 inotropy; minimal β2. Potent pressor effect.

Lactated Ringers

Class: Isotonic Crystalloid.

Replaces water/electrolytes; contains NaCl, lactate, KCl, CaCl.

Lidocaine

Class: Antiarrhythmic.

Blocks fast sodium channels → ↓ excitability and conduction velocity, suppresses ventricular arrhythmias.

Lorazepam (Ativan)

Class: Benzodiazepine.

Enhances GABA-A → sedation, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic. Stronger seizure suppression than diazepam.

Magnesium Sulfate

Class: Electrolyte.

Reduces striated muscle contraction, stabilizes myocardium, suppresses excitability (esp. torsades, eclampsia).

Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol)

Class: Corticosteroid.

Suppresses acute and chronic inflammation.

Midazolam (Versed)

Class: Benzodiazepine.

Potentiates GABA-A → sedation, anticonvulsant, amnesia. Fast onset, short duration compared to diazepam/lorazepam.

Morphine

Class: Opioid Analgesic.

Binds opioid receptors → analgesia, sedation. Also ↓ preload/afterload → beneficial in MI.

Naloxone (Narcan)

Class: Opioid Antagonist.

Competitive inhibition at μ-opioid receptors → reverses opioid respiratory depression.

Nitroglycerin

Class: Nitrate.

Vascular smooth muscle relaxant → venodilation → ↓ preload; also coronary artery dilation.

Nitrous Oxide

Class: Inhaled Anesthetic.

CNS depressant with mild intoxicant effect.

Ondansetron (Zofran)

Class: Antiemetic.

Selective 5-HT3 (serotonin) receptor blocker → prevents nausea/vomiting.

Oxytocin

Class: Pituitary Hormone.

Stimulates uterine smooth muscle → ↑ tone, frequency, and contraction strength to reduce bleeding.

Pralidoxime Cholride (2PAMCI)

Class: Cholinesterase Reactivator.

Binds OP molecules → frees acetylcholinesterase active site, restoring enzyme activity.

Procainamide

Class: Antiarrhythmic (Class Ia).

Blocks fast sodium channels → slows depolarization, raises VF threshold.

Racemic Epinephrine

Class: Alpha & Beta Agonist.

Bronchodilation + upper airway vasoconstriction → relieves stridor.

Sodium Bicarbonate

Class: Electrolyte/Alkalinizer.

Buffers metabolic and lactic acidosis; counteracts TCA/ASA/cocaine toxicity.

Sodium Chloride (NS)

Class: Isotonic Crystalloid.

Replaces water and electrolytes.

Sodium Thiosulfate

Class: Antidote.

Provides sulfur for conversion of cyanide → thiocyanate → renal excretion.

Tetracaine

Class: Local Anesthetic (Ester).

Blocks sodium channels on corneal nerves → topical anesthesia.

Terbutaline

Class: Beta-2 Agonist.

Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle → bronchodilation.

Toradol (Ketorolac)

Class: NSAID.

Blocks COX-1 & COX-2 → ↓ prostaglandins → analgesia. Stronger for acute pain than ibuprofen.

Tranexamic Acid (TXA)

Class: Antifibrinolytic.

Blocks lysine sites on plasminogen → inhibits plasmin → prevents fibrin clot breakdown.

Verapamil

Class: Calcium Channel Blocker.

Slows AV conduction, inhibits reentry arrhythmias, decreases myocardial oxygen demand.