Architecture Appreciation Test 3: Briar Jones MSU

Botticelli

Medici's were his patrons

Church of Sant' Andrea

Leon Battista Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti

theorist, historian, scientist and architect; another 10 books on architecture modeled on Vitruvius' Books; promote architecture as intellectual activity

Ideal city of Sforzinda

man is the center

The Four Books of Architecture

Palladio wrote treatise on architecture; constructed villa between Venice and Vincenza 1550

Villa Rotunda

c. 1500; Vincenza, Italy; Palladio

Palazzo

city house

San Giorgio Maggiore

scaled to present a public face to the town of Venice

Piazza

public square

High Renaissance

a style of Italian renaissance art and architecture developed in the late 15th- and early 16th centuries characterized by an emphasis on draftsmanship, the illusion of sculptural volume in painting, and in building , by the imitative use of whole orders and compositional arrangements in the classical style, with great attention to the formulation of compositional rules after the precepts of Vitruvius and the precedents of existing ruins.

The "Tempietto" of San Pietro

Donato Bramante; Tempietto, Rome; Begun 1502; circle and square represent the perfection of the divinity; believe religious figure "Saint Peter" was killed here; meant to be an object, a picture, a marker

Donato Bramante (1444-1514)

a close associate of Leonardo DaVinci; Early work in Milan; Moved to Rome after French sack of Milan in 1499

Pope Jullius II

humanist ideals introduced into the Papal court; Rome Queen city--consolidate temporal power; return to golry from Roman antiquity

Saint Peter's 1505-1612

Michelangelo changed it; a magnificent new church over the crypt of St. Peter; Dome becomes an icon of "dome" often repeated; the dome of all domes; tomb for Pope Julius II would not fit in old basilica (almost 1110 years old in 1505); Bramante's scheme was on a scale grander than any Roman structure; building the size of the Baths of Diocletian; dome comparable to the Pantheon

Palazzo Caprini

Bramante; Rome, ca. 1512 (demolished)

Mannerism (high Renaissance)

Inventive combinations of elements of purposefully play with classical rules; proportions-exaggerated;

Michelangelo (1475-1564)

rebelled against Renaissance decorum; adjusted proportions, details to suit his purpose; often made up his own details; painter (sistine chapel) sculptor (David, the Pieta) architect (Laurentian Library)

Mannerism

a transitional style in European architecture in the late 16th century, particularly in Italy, characterized by the unconventional use of the classical elements.

Laurentian Library (1524)

complete challenge to Renaissance rules of order, proportion, and use of historic elements; goal = to heighten physical experience of moving through space; Michelangelo essentially manipulated classical architecture as elements in gigantic sculpture

The "Campidoglio", Capitoline Hill (1536)

Michelangelo; organization deviates from purity of Renaissance geometry; subtle tension of angled plan and oval plaza; ideas beginning to become Mannerism

Monticello

1770; Thomas Jefferson

University of Virginia

1817-1826; Thomas Jefferson

Ecole des Beaux-Arts

Etienne-Louis Boullee

1728-99

Monument to Newton

Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879)

Leading proponent of the Gothic Revival in France

Strawberry Hill

Carpenter Gothic

Collegiate Gothic

Beaux ARTS Neoclassical Eclecticism

Charles Garnier

Paris Opera House

Richardsonian Romanesque

Henry Hobson Richardson

Trinity Church (1872-1877)

Boston; H.H. Richardson

Crystal Palace

designed by Joseph Paxton (1851); For World's Fair, London; made of modular parts that could be disassembled and resembled; standardized, made from industrial manufacturing processes; methodical organization of the building process used metal building technology

Bibliotheque Ste. Genevieve

Paris;

Henri Labrouste 1842-1850; symbolic train station; represent readers journey into knowledge; cast iron shaped into columns and arches support vaults and domes

Brooklyn Bridge

1869-1883; Suspension bridge; tension

Gustav Eiffel

Paris; 1885; iron construction

Chicago

Forefront of American architecture;

1871 fire;

Chicago School of architects

Louis Sullivan

celebrate and express verticality in high rises, use light curtain wall material; express 3 zones on facade

Chicago Opera House

Louis Sullivan -- Adler & Sullivan

Burnham and Root

Rookery, Chicago

Biltmore

Vanderbilt Mansion, Ashville, NC; F.L. Olmstead

F.L. Olmstead

father of landscape architecture in America

Columbia Exposition of 1893

Chicago

Frank Lloyd Wright

American (Chicago) architect (1869-1959); acknowledges as the most significant American architect of the 20th century;

Frank Lloyd Wright stylistic developments

early work-- "arts and crafts" derived style; "prairie" style-- modern, horizontality, interwoven spaces; mature style-- more expressionistic

Robie House

Frank Lloyd Wright; 1908-09

Unity Temple

Frank Lloyd Wright; 1909

post-modernism -- influences social change

end belief in science to cure social ills; failure of science

post modernism

against "universalizing" processes-- monarchy, aesthetics, modernism; for "contextual" processes-- capitalism, computer technologies, media

Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown

"Less is a Bore"

Vanna Venturi House

1964; Chestnut Hill, PA; Robert Venturi

Guild House

1960-1965; Philadelphia, PA; Robert Venturi

Renaissance (as opposed to Gothic)

Mathematics, Rational, Proportions, universal order; not aspire to heavens, grounded to earth, human reason

Gothic

A-historical, asymmetrical; architecture is a service to God

Renaissance 15th Century

began in Florence; authentic re-use of classicism, based in understanding of perspective, change size and proportion of columns, pediments, etc.; represent human intellect as much as the power of God

Humanism

philosophical system based upon the capacity of humankind for rational, objective thought and action; stresses human reason and is centered in human nature, interests, and idealism as distinct from religious philosophies based in a higher God

Renaissance

the activity, spirit or time of humanistic revival of classical art, literature, and learning originating in Italy in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century making the transition from the medieval to the modern world

Renaissance Architecture

the various adaptations of Italian Renaissance architecture that occurred throughout Europe until the advent of Mannerism and the Baroque in the 16th and 17th centuries, characterized by the use of Italian Renaissance forms and motifs in more or less traditional buildings

Brunelleschi

architect, painter, sculptor, goldsmith; humanism-- human achievement separate from religious dogma; reconcile the classical view of human potential with Christian belief in divine intention; wanted excellence in human achievement-- all was possible

The "Duomo"

Dome of the Cathedral of Florence 1418-1436; largest dome built since the Romans; technical achievement in its construction; no centering-- built to be self-supporting as it was constructed; employed ribs and double shells

Early Renaissance

a style of Italian Renaissance art and architecture developed during the 15th century, characterized by the development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and in buildings, by the free and inventive use of classical details

Brunelleschi: Father of the Renaissance

symmetrical forms; proportions relate one element to another; application scientific perspective

Foundling Hospital

first Renaissance building; Brunelleschi; Florence 1422

Church of San Lorenzo, Florence

Brunelleschi; Medici hired him;

Church of S. Spirito

Filippo Brunelleschi; proportions and style fully realized volumes - CUBES; constructed perspective

Pazzi Chapel

Brunelleschi

Vitruvius

wrote "bible" for Renaissance architects; Roman architect and theorist, "the ten books on architecture"; the only complete book on architectural design and theory to survive from the ancient world; had enormous influence on Renaissance architecture

two thoughts from vitruvius

firmness, commodity, and delight, vitruivian figure

AEG Turbine Factory

Berlin; Peter Behrens; 1909

Fagus Factory

Walter Gropius; Germany 1911; International Style

international style

designing buildings for the world; theoretically -- an abstract style that could fit anywhere

Barcelona Pavilion

Mies van der Rohe

Bauhaus

school in Germany (founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius); huge influence on modern architecture; concept-- art, design, and construction are united (like Gothic arch); promoted "form follows function"; political purpose (housing for masses); about the collective

Seagram Building

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe; God is in the details

Chrysler Building

William Van Alen

Falling Water House

Frank Lloyd Wright

Guggenheim Museum

Frank Lloyd Wright

TWA Terminal

Eero Saarinen; NYC

Dulles Airport

Eero Saarinen; D.C.

St. Louis Gateway Arch

Eero Saarinen

Pompidou Center

Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers

Phillips Exeter Academy Library

1965-72; Louis Kahn