ap psych unit 8

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in one’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

medical model

the concept that diseases (in this case psych disorders) have physical causes

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

at least one of these symptoms will be presented by age 7: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

DSM-5

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

anxiety disorders

characterized by stressing/persistent anxiety/maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

anxiety disorder where the person is continually tense/apprehensive

panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by panic attacks

phobia

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific thing

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations/being judged

agoraphobia

fear of situations where one has a loss of control (ex. crowds)

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

characterized by insomnia, flashbacks, nightmares, etc for 4+ weeks after a traumatic experience

post-traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with something extremely challenging

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

major depressive disorder (MDD)

mood disorder characterized by 2+ weeks with at least 5 symptoms

mania

mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

bipolar disorder

mood disorder where a person alternates between depression and mania

rumination

compulsive fretting/overthinking

schizophrenia

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression

psychosis

psychological disorder where a person loses contact with reality

delusions

false beliefs that may accompany psychological disorders

hallucination

a false sensory experience

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder where symptoms take a physiological form without apparent physical cause

conversion disorder

disorder where person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms but no physiological basis can be found

illness anxiety disorder

disorder where a person interprets normal physical sensations in a concerned way (hypochondriac)

dissociative disorders

disorders where conscious awareness becomes separated from previous cognition

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder where a person exhibits 2+ distinct and alternating personalities

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder where a person maintains a starvation diet

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder where a person alternates binge eating with purging

binge eating disorder

significant binge eating episodes followed by guilt/disgust/remorse

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible/enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

antisocial personality disorder

personality disorder where a person exhibits aggression and a lack of conscience for wrongdoing

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques, consists of interactions between therapist and patient

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act on person’s psychology

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that combines techniques from various forms of therapy depending on the client

psychoanalysis

freud’s therapeutic technique

resistance

(in psychoanalysis) blocking anxiety-laden material from consciousness

interpretation

(in psychoanalysis) the analyzer’s notings of supposed dream meanings/resistances/etc to promote insight

transference

(in psychoanalysis) the patients’s transfer of emotions to the analyst

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic perspective (new freudians)

insight therapies

variety of therapies used to improve psychological functioning by increasing a patient’s awareness of their underlying emotions

client centered therapy

humanistic therapy where the therapist uses techniques like active listening to facilitate a client’s growth

active listening

empathic listening where the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

unconditional positive regard

a caring/accepting/nonjudgemental attitude

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

counterconditioning

using classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

exposure therapies

exposing people to their fears to decrease them

systematic desensitization

type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant state with gradually increasing anxiety inducing stimuli

virtual reality exposure therapy

exposing people to electronic versions of their fears

aversive conditioning

associates unpleasant state with unwanted behavior

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure where you can earn and spend based on displaying desired behaviors

cognitive therapy

teaches new/more adaptive ways of thinking

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

confrontational cognitive therapy that challenges people’s self defeating attitudes

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system

regression toward the mean

the tendency for extreme scores to fall back toward the average

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results many different studies

evidence based practice

clinical decision making that integrates research with patient characteristics

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust between client and therapist

resilience

personal strength

psychopharmacology

study of effects of drugs on mind and behavior

antipsychotic drugs

used to treat schizophrenia and other severe thought disorders

anti anxiety drugs

used to control anxiety and depression

antidepressant drugs

used to treat depression, anxiety, ocd, and ptsd

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

an electric current is sent through the brain to treat severe depression

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain to stimulate or suppress brain activity

psychosurgery

removes/destroys brain tissue to change behavior

lobotomy

once used to calm patients by cutting the nerves that connect frontal lobes to emotion control centers in the brain

belief perseverance

clinging to one’s initial perspectives after being discredited

naturalistic observation

observing/recording behavior without trying to manipulate the situation

GABA

calming neurotransmitter produced by pancreas

self efficacy

one’s sense of competence

generalization

the tendency to respond in the same way to a similar but different stimuli than the one that was originally conditioned

discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that aren’t

rorschach inkblot

projective test that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

myelin sheath

substance that covers the axons and speeds up transmission

trichromatic theory of color vision

theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors that can produce the perception of any color

opponent process theory of color vision

theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision