SkM - RNA Viruses - complete

Picornaviridae Overview

#1 mountain peak

picornaviridae family of viruses; poliovirus, coxackievirus A&B, echovirus, and rhinovirus are picornaviruses

Picornaviridae Overview

#2 warm colors

picornaviruses are positive-sense RNA viruses

Picornaviridae Overview

#3 positive sun

picornaviruses are positive-sense RNA viruses

Picornaviridae Overview

#4 statue of david

picornaviruses lack envelopes, classifying them as naked viruses

Picornaviridae Overview

#5 poop

hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, coxacievirus A&B, and echovirus are transmitted via the fecal-oral route (rhinovirus is transmitted via respiratory droplets)

Picornaviridae Overview

#6 coin stamp machine

the genomic RNA of positive sense RNA viruses, like picornaviruses, resembles mRNA and can be directly translated by host cell ribosomes

Picornaviridae Overview

#7 roll of tickets

the RNA genome of picornaviruses is translated into a single, extrended polyprotein, which is then cleaved by proteases

Picornaviridae Overview

#8 “A”-tagged hippos

hepatitis A virus

Picornaviridae Overview

#9 “ENTER aviary”

enterovirus genus including poliovirus, coxacievirus A&B, and echovirus

Picornaviridae Overview

#10 rhinos

rhinovirus

Picornaviridae Overview

#11 enlarged liver spot

Hep A causes liver inflammation → moderate enlargement of liver then (less frequently) spleen

Picornaviridae Overview

#12 flamingos

poliovirus

Picornaviridae Overview

#13 cockatoos

coxsackievirus A & B

Picornaviridae Overview

#14 mocking birds

echovirus

Picornaviridae Overview

#15 head-shaped aviary

enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis

Picornaviridae Overview

#16 “no organisms” feed

aseptic meningitis, frequently caused by enteroviruses, is a self-limited inflammation of the meninges in which the causative agent is typically a virus, rather than a bacteria

Picornaviridae Overview

#17 “no sugar added” feed

aseptic meningitis typically manifests with a CSF glucose level within normal range

Picornaviridae Overview

#18 “source of protein” feed

aseptic meningitis typically manifests with an elevated CSF protein level

Picornaviridae Overview

#19 child in helmet

aseptic meningitis most often affects children and young adults

Picornaviridae Overview

#20 mud on nose and mouth

rhinovirus primarily targets the upper respiratory tract and propagates through respiratory droplet transmission

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#1 polio flamingo

poliovirus (a positive sense RNA virus in the picornaviridae family)

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#2 warm colors

poliovirus is a positive-sense RNA virus

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#3 positive sun

poliovirus is a positive sense RNA virus

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#4 baby flamingo

poliovirus is a part of the picornaviridae family

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#5 statue of david

poliovirus lacks an envelope, classifying it as a naked virus

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#6 flamingo protected from acid

poliovirus is acid-stable, allowing it to survive in the gastric environment

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#7 patches of eggs

initial replication of poliovirus occurs in cells of the gut mucosa (peyer’s patches), although it can also spread systemically

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#8 anterior hornbill beak

poliovirus targets the motor neurons located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, leading to neurological damage

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#9 folding one leg

the paralysis induced by poliovirus infection tends to manifest in an asymmetric pattern, affecting one side of the body more severely than the other

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#10 distressed puff of air

in severe cases, muscle weakness caused by poliovirus infection can progress to respiratory failure

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#11 meningitis helmet

poliovirus can cause aseptic meningitis, a non-bacterial inflammation of the meninges

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#12 sulking + syringe bones

the salk vaccine is an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) that is administered intramuscularly to protect against poliomyelitis; IPV is the only polio vaccine that has been used in the US since 2000

Poliovirus (picornaviridae)

#13 “savin” a life”

the live attenuated Sabin vaccine was given orally to induce both systemic IgG and mucosal IgA antibody responses against poliovirus; however, in 2016, the Sabin vaccine (trivalent, oral - OPV) has been replaced with the bivalent OPV to reduce the risk of vaccine-derived polioviruses

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#1 cockatoos

coxsackievirus A&B (positive sense RNA viruses in the picornaviridae family)

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#2 warm colors

coxsackieviruses are positive sense RNA viruses

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#3 positive sun

coxsackieviruses are positive sense RNA viruses

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#4 baby cockatoo

coxsackieviruses are a part of the picornaviridae family

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#5 statue of david

coxsackieviruses lack envelopes, classifying them as naked viruses

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#6 “A” cage

coxsackievirus A

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#7 hand, foot, mouth birdseed

coxsackievirus A is one of the viruses that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease, characterized by a red, vesicular rash in the mouth, on the fingers and palms of the hands, and the soles of the feet

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#8 meningitis helmet

coxsackievirus A (more than B) can lead to aseptic meningitis (a non-bacterial inflammation of the meninges), especially in pediatric populations

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#9 kid + bathing suit

coxsackieviruses predominantly affect children, especially in the warmer months

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#10 “B” cage

coxsackievirus B

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#11 floppy heart bags

infection with coxsackievirus B has been implicated in myopericarditis, which in certain cases may lead to the development of dilated cardiomyopathy

Coxsackievirus A&B (picornaviridae)

#12 tight grip around chest

coxsackievirus B causes Bornholm disease (also known as apidemic pleurodynia or “devil’s grip”, which is characterized by severe, unilateral pleuritic pain in the lower chest)

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#1 Rhinos

Rhinoviruses (positive-sense RNA viruses in the Picornaviridae family)

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#2 warm colors

Rhinoviruses are positive sense RNA viruses

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#3 positive sun

Rhinoviruses are positive sense RNA viruses

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#4 baby rhino

Rhinoviruses are part of the picornaviridae family

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#5 statue of David

Rhinoviruses lack envelopes, classifying them as naked viruses

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#6 acidic lemon

rhinoviruses are acid-labile, rendering them sensitive to acidic conditions

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#7 sneeze spray

rhinoviruses are primarily transmitted via respiratory droplets

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#8 “please wash hands”

proper hand hygeine is crucial in reducing the transmission risk of rhinovirus, especially through fomites (contaminated objects)

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#9 1 camera

rhinovirus utilizes the ICAM-1 receptor present on host cells to facilitate cellular entry

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#10 Rhinos in 33° shade

optimal replication of rhinovirus occurs at slightly cooler temperatures (33°C/91.4°F), the approximate temp of the nasal cavity, explaining its predilection for causing upper respiratory infections

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#11 mud on nose and mouth

most commonly, rhinovirus leads to upper respiratory infections

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

#12 multicolored tent

a vast array of rhinovirus serotypes (over 100) have been identified

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#1 “A” - tagged hippos

Hep A virus (a positive sense RNA virus in the Picornaviridae family)

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#2 positive sun + warm colors

the hep A virus is a positive sense RNA virus

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#3 baby hippo

the hep A virus is a part of the Picornaviridae family

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#4 statue of David

Hep A lacks an envelope, classifying it as a naked virus

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#5 hippos protected from acid

the hep A virus is acid-stable, allowing it to survive in the gastric environment

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#6 poop

the hep A virus is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#7 water cup

in resource-limited settings, hep A infections are commonly attributed to the consumption of contaminated water

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#8 water purification methods

chlorination, UV irradiation, boiling, and bleach effectively inactivate the hep A virus in contaminated water sources

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#9 USA shellfish stand

in developed countries like the US, one of the more frequent sources of hep A is contaminated shellfish

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#10 traveler’s backpack

individuals traveling to areas with high prevalence of hep A (parts of asia, africa, mexico, central & south america, and the caribbean islands) are at increased risk

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#11 enlarged liver spot

Hep A causes liver inflammation (hepatitis) and may result in a moderate enlargement of the liver (and less frequently, the spleen)

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#12 vomiting

symptoms of hep A infection include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#13 adult in yellow

the majority of adults with hep A infection present with jaundice

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#14 child in tan

Hep A infection in infants and young children often presents as anicteric hepatitis (liver inflammation without yellowing of the skin and eyes associated with jaundice)

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#15 putting out cigarette

a distaste for cigarettes is an early sign of hep A infection

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#16 “TWO MONTHS only”

Hep A infection is self-limiting, with clinical symptoms generally resolving within approximately two months

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#17 “LIMIT one per customer”

Hep A infection is self-limiting, with clinical symptoms generally resolving within approximately two months

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#18 “NO CARRYING out of food”

Hep A infection does not lead to a carrier state or progress to chronic liver disease

Hepatitis A Virus (Picornaviridae)

#19 syringe tranquilizer gun

for Hep A prevention, an inactivated vaccine has been developed that elicits a lasting immune response

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#1 Narwhal

Noroviruses (positive-sense RNA viruses in the Caliciviridae family

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#2 “Cali-sea-cruise”

Noroviruses are a part of the Caliciviridae family

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#3 warm colors

Noroviruses are positive sense RNA viruses

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#4 positive sun

Noroviruses are positive sense RNA viruses

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#5 statue of David

Noroviruses lack envelopes, classifying them as naked viruses

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#6 Roll of tickets

upon entering the host cell, the entire genome of noroviruses is translated into a long single polyprotein, which is subsequently cleaved into funtional units by proteases

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#7 cruise ship

Norovirus outbreaks commonly occur in confined spaces like cruise ships, day care centers, and schools

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#8 children

Norovirus outbreaks commonly occur in confined spaces like cruise ships, day care centers, and schools

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#9 shellfish buffet

consumption of shellfish contaminated with norovirus can lead to outbreaks of GI illness

Norovirus & Norwalk Virus (Caliciviridae)

#10 mud spray

norovirus infection often presents with acute, severe watery diarrhea, often described as “explosive,” accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps

Flaviviridae Overview

#1 warm colors

flaviviridae are RNA viruses

Flaviviridae Overview

#2 positive sun

flaviviridae are positive-sense RNA viruses

Flaviviridae Overview

#3 “5 Flavors!”

flaviviridae are a family of viruses that includes viral species in the genera flavivirus and hepacivirus

Flaviviridae Overview

#4 single straw

flaviviridae posesses a non-segmented, single-stranded RNA genome

Flaviviridae Overview

#5 hep C hippo

the hep C virus is a member of flaviviridae (ie, Hepacivirus genus)

Flaviviridae Overview

#6 robe

flaviviridae are enveloped viruses

Flaviviridae Overview

#7 dinghy with a donkey

dengue virus is the cause of dengue fever

Flaviviridae Overview

#8 eighties clothes on donkey

the Aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector for the dengue fever virus, the yellow fever virus, and Zika virus

Flaviviridae Overview

#9 broken plates

dengue fever is marked by bone marrow suppression → thrombocytopenia → hemorrhage

Flaviviridae Overview

#10 spilled strawberry milkshake

dengue fever can develop into hemorrhagic fever in severe cases

Flaviviridae Overview

#11 deflated kidney

dengue fever can lead to renal failure and septic shock

Flaviviridae Overview

#12 syringe-shaped oar

prevent re-infection through administration of the tetravalent live attenuated vaccine in those with confirmed PRIOR history of dengue virus fever

Flaviviridae Overview

#13 yellow water buffalo

yellow fever virus (a positive-sense RNA virus in the flavivirus family) is transmitted by the aedes aegypti mosquito

Flaviviridae Overview

#14 eighties clothes on buffalo

yellow fever virus (a positive-sense RNA virus in the flavivirus family) is transmitted by the aedes aegypti mosquito