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Growth and Development
what are the three types of growth?
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
accretion
what is hyperplasia?
the increase in cell numbers
what is hypertrophy
the increase in the size of the cell
what is accretion
the build of intracellular components (fat cells)
which growths occur in connective tissue
hypertrophy and accretion
which growth is considered fattening
accretion
hyperplasia and hypertrophy increase
skeletal muscle and connective tissue
age related adaptation affects?
bone and adipose tissue
what factors determine growth potential
genetics
environment
selective breeding
nutrition
domestication
G + E = P means
genetics + environment = phenotype
genetics..
define the potential for muscle growth
environment..
determines % of genetic potential achieved
phenotype is impacted by
evolution and humans
in utero development and growth is..
complex and highly regulated
cellular replication in utero
requires many cell division , which makes the cells more restricted
in utero the development of various cell lineages allows
lineages to develop into different tissues of the body
totipotent is the ability to become --- things
all
pluripotent is the ability to become --- things
many
multipotent is the ability to become --- things
some
the endoderm germ layers are..
the GIT and the respiratory system
the mesoderm germ layers is the..
muscle, bone, blood vascular, urogenital, and dermis layer
the ectoderm germ layer is the..
nervous system, sensory and epidermis
the three phases of prenatal development are..
ovum, embryonic, and fetal phase
the ovum phases is..
the phase where the egg is released and merges with the sperm to form a zygote
the embryonic phases is..
the end of cell division
the fetal phase is..
the phase that starts at implantation of the zygote into the uterus
what happens in interphase
cellular growth and duplication of cell DNA
what happens during the M phase
cell division
what are the five phases of the M phase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis phase
what are the four phases of embryonic development
cleavage
blasturation
gastration
orgongenesis
what growth is postnatal
hypertrophy and accretion; muscle and connective tissue
what types of muscle terminate at maturity
cardiac and smooth
What hormones serve an endocrine role in muscle mass
GH
IGF-I
Steroids
T3 and T4
where is the GH produced
by the anterior pituitary
production of GH is regulated by ---- produced by the hypothalamus
GHRH
GH hormone directly and indirectly impacts numerous tissue
true
GH directly impacts
reduced glucose transport and metabolism
initiates/increases lipolysis
initiates/increases transport of amino acids
GH indirectly impacts
IGF-I
What is IGF-Is primary endocrine function
regulating changes in muscle mass
what does GH medicate?
the release of IGF-1
what pathways is muscle growth achieved through
IGF-I P3-K
IGF-I M/S3
IGF-I P3-K has what impact?
positive impact
IGF-I M/S3 has what impact?
negative impact
testosterone mediates with
GH
Testosterone binds to specific intracellular. androgen receptors in muscles to increase what
protein synthesis
Estradiol impacts what
skeletal muscle, bone and adipose tissue
what does estradiol do
increases protein synthesis and proteolysis
estradiol triggers
the maturation of adipocytes and closure of epiphyseal plates
what is insulins metabolic function?
increase muscle cells ability to uptake amino acids, lipids, and glucose and to increase glycogen synthesis and decrease breakdown
what is the growth function of insulin
it has a direct interaction IGF-I to promote protein synthesis
what does T3 and T4 regulate prenatal
differentiation of muscle progentor cells
what does T3 and T4 regulate postnatal
it is maintenance and repair of muscles
what is protein turnover defined as
the balance between protein synthesis and degradation of tissue proteins
hypertrophy has a postive protein turnover so it..
has less degradation and more synthesis
atrophy has a negative protein turnover so it..
has more degradation and less synthesis
what affects protein turnover
genetics
endocrine
immune
nutrition
physiological factors
environment
what are the two types of hormonal regulation of protein turnover
anabolic and catabolic
what are anabolic hormones
GH
IGF-I
insulin
testosterone
estrogen
what are catabolic hormones
glucagon
glucocorticoids
catecholamines
what is GH most significant impact
stimulation of IGF-I production
what is IGF-I most significant impact
promoting protein synthesis
what is insulins most significant impact
inhibiting protein degradation and enhancing energy directed to protein synthesis
what is testosterones most significant impact
promoting protein syntheis
what is glucagons most significant impact
stimulation of protein degradation and blocking effect of insulin binding receptors
what is glucocorticoids (cortisol) most significant impact
increases protein breakdown
what is catecholamines most significant impact
increases protein breakdown
what two pathways regulate protein synthesis
insulin and myostatin
what regulates protein degradation
UPP
Caspian proteolysis
apoptosis
what are components of UPP
proteolytic enzymes
26S proteasome
Co-Factor ubiquitin
What are the proteolytic enzymes
E1
E2
E3
E1 is
activating
E2 is
conjugating enzymes
E3 is
ligase
what are the three primary parts of 26S proteasome
2 x 19S proteasome
20 S Core proteasome
What is the calpain system dependent on
Ca2+
what unique protease proteolytic enzymes are part of the calpain system
proteolytic processing and substrate recognition
Proteolytic processing does not degrade proteins
true
what does the substrate recognition do?
identifies and targets proteins for proteolytic processing
what are the four major components of the calpain system
u-calpain
m-calpian
skeletal muscle calpain
calpastatinw
what does skeletal muscle calpain do
breakdown proteins
what does calpastatin do
inhibits calpain functions
what are the two primary proteases involved with apoptosis
caspases and cathepsins
what are the two primary calcium salts in bone organization
calcium phosphate
hydroxyapatite
what is hydroxyapatite
crystal like molecule with 10 Ca2+ ions that is produced by osteoblasts
what are osteoblasts
single nucleated cells that synthesize the bone matrix and remodeling of bone
what are osteoclasts
they are multi nucleated cells that breakdown bone tissue through a phagocytic process
what are ostocytes
inert cells- signaling cells that regulates bone mass
what is Longitudinal bone growth
bone growth that extends the length of bone
Where does LBG occur
epiphyseal plate
what is the epiphyseal plate
it is make of hyaline cartilage that is dense and structurally sound with connective tissue fibers, primarily collagen, and contain chondrocytes and proteoglycans
what are the three zones of bone growth
resting zone
proliferation zone
hypertrophic zone
what are the resting zones chondrocytes
stem like cells that serve as the primary pool for growth
what are proliferation zone chondrocytes
resting zone chondrocytes that have differentiated into proliferation chondrocytes
what are hypertrophic zone chondrocytes
chondrocytes that calcify the proteoglycan matrix of the growth plate
what are positive hormones of bone growth
GH-IGF-l axis
estrogen
t3 and t4
leptin
what are negative hormones of bone growth
glucocorticoids
catechonlamines
what is GH-IGF-I axis
a fundamental and a very potent stimulator of bone growth and is directly driven by the release of GH
the resting zone is..
chondorcyte proliferation and differientation
the hypertrophic zone is
chondrocyte alignment
the proliferation zone is
chondrocyte maturation and hypertrophy
Note
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