ASCI 240 FINAL

Growth and Development

what are the three types of growth?

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

accretion

what is hyperplasia?

the increase in cell numbers

what is hypertrophy

the increase in the size of the cell

what is accretion

the build of intracellular components (fat cells)

which growths occur in connective tissue

hypertrophy and accretion

which growth is considered fattening

accretion

hyperplasia and hypertrophy increase

skeletal muscle and connective tissue

age related adaptation affects?

bone and adipose tissue

what factors determine growth potential

genetics

environment

selective breeding

nutrition

domestication

G + E = P means

genetics + environment = phenotype

genetics..

define the potential for muscle growth

environment..

determines % of genetic potential achieved

phenotype is impacted by

evolution and humans

in utero development and growth is..

complex and highly regulated

cellular replication in utero

requires many cell division , which makes the cells more restricted

in utero the development of various cell lineages allows

lineages to develop into different tissues of the body

totipotent is the ability to become --- things

all

pluripotent is the ability to become --- things

many

multipotent is the ability to become --- things

some

the endoderm germ layers are..

the GIT and the respiratory system

the mesoderm germ layers is the..

muscle, bone, blood vascular, urogenital, and dermis layer

the ectoderm germ layer is the..

nervous system, sensory and epidermis

the three phases of prenatal development are..

ovum, embryonic, and fetal phase

the ovum phases is..

the phase where the egg is released and merges with the sperm to form a zygote

the embryonic phases is..

the end of cell division

the fetal phase is..

the phase that starts at implantation of the zygote into the uterus

what happens in interphase

cellular growth and duplication of cell DNA

what happens during the M phase

cell division

what are the five phases of the M phase

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

cytokinesis phase

what are the four phases of embryonic development

cleavage

blasturation

gastration

orgongenesis

what growth is postnatal

hypertrophy and accretion; muscle and connective tissue

what types of muscle terminate at maturity

cardiac and smooth

What hormones serve an endocrine role in muscle mass

GH

IGF-I

Steroids

T3 and T4

where is the GH produced

by the anterior pituitary

production of GH is regulated by ---- produced by the hypothalamus

GHRH

GH hormone directly and indirectly impacts numerous tissue

true

GH directly impacts

reduced glucose transport and metabolism

initiates/increases lipolysis

initiates/increases transport of amino acids

GH indirectly impacts

IGF-I

What is IGF-Is primary endocrine function

regulating changes in muscle mass

what does GH medicate?

the release of IGF-1

what pathways is muscle growth achieved through

IGF-I P3-K

IGF-I M/S3

IGF-I P3-K has what impact?

positive impact

IGF-I M/S3 has what impact?

negative impact

testosterone mediates with

GH

Testosterone binds to specific intracellular. androgen receptors in muscles to increase what

protein synthesis

Estradiol impacts what

skeletal muscle, bone and adipose tissue

what does estradiol do

increases protein synthesis and proteolysis

estradiol triggers

the maturation of adipocytes and closure of epiphyseal plates

what is insulins metabolic function?

increase muscle cells ability to uptake amino acids, lipids, and glucose and to increase glycogen synthesis and decrease breakdown

what is the growth function of insulin

it has a direct interaction IGF-I to promote protein synthesis

what does T3 and T4 regulate prenatal

differentiation of muscle progentor cells

what does T3 and T4 regulate postnatal

it is maintenance and repair of muscles

what is protein turnover defined as

the balance between protein synthesis and degradation of tissue proteins

hypertrophy has a postive protein turnover so it..

has less degradation and more synthesis

atrophy has a negative protein turnover so it..

has more degradation and less synthesis

what affects protein turnover

genetics

endocrine

immune

nutrition

physiological factors

environment

what are the two types of hormonal regulation of protein turnover

anabolic and catabolic

what are anabolic hormones

GH

IGF-I

insulin

testosterone

estrogen

what are catabolic hormones

glucagon

glucocorticoids

catecholamines

what is GH most significant impact

stimulation of IGF-I production

what is IGF-I most significant impact

promoting protein synthesis

what is insulins most significant impact

inhibiting protein degradation and enhancing energy directed to protein synthesis

what is testosterones most significant impact

promoting protein syntheis

what is glucagons most significant impact

stimulation of protein degradation and blocking effect of insulin binding receptors

what is glucocorticoids (cortisol) most significant impact

increases protein breakdown

what is catecholamines most significant impact

increases protein breakdown

what two pathways regulate protein synthesis

insulin and myostatin

what regulates protein degradation

UPP

Caspian proteolysis

apoptosis

what are components of UPP

proteolytic enzymes

26S proteasome

Co-Factor ubiquitin

What are the proteolytic enzymes

E1

E2

E3

E1 is

activating

E2 is

conjugating enzymes

E3 is

ligase

what are the three primary parts of 26S proteasome

2 x 19S proteasome

20 S Core proteasome

What is the calpain system dependent on

Ca2+

what unique protease proteolytic enzymes are part of the calpain system

proteolytic processing and substrate recognition

Proteolytic processing does not degrade proteins

true

what does the substrate recognition do?

identifies and targets proteins for proteolytic processing

what are the four major components of the calpain system

u-calpain

m-calpian

skeletal muscle calpain

calpastatinw

what does skeletal muscle calpain do

breakdown proteins

what does calpastatin do

inhibits calpain functions

what are the two primary proteases involved with apoptosis

caspases and cathepsins

what are the two primary calcium salts in bone organization

calcium phosphate

hydroxyapatite

what is hydroxyapatite

crystal like molecule with 10 Ca2+ ions that is produced by osteoblasts

what are osteoblasts

single nucleated cells that synthesize the bone matrix and remodeling of bone

what are osteoclasts

they are multi nucleated cells that breakdown bone tissue through a phagocytic process

what are ostocytes

inert cells- signaling cells that regulates bone mass

what is Longitudinal bone growth

bone growth that extends the length of bone

Where does LBG occur

epiphyseal plate

what is the epiphyseal plate

it is make of hyaline cartilage that is dense and structurally sound with connective tissue fibers, primarily collagen, and contain chondrocytes and proteoglycans

what are the three zones of bone growth

resting zone

proliferation zone

hypertrophic zone

what are the resting zones chondrocytes

stem like cells that serve as the primary pool for growth

what are proliferation zone chondrocytes

resting zone chondrocytes that have differentiated into proliferation chondrocytes

what are hypertrophic zone chondrocytes

chondrocytes that calcify the proteoglycan matrix of the growth plate

what are positive hormones of bone growth

GH-IGF-l axis

estrogen

t3 and t4

leptin

what are negative hormones of bone growth

glucocorticoids

catechonlamines

what is GH-IGF-I axis

a fundamental and a very potent stimulator of bone growth and is directly driven by the release of GH

the resting zone is..

chondorcyte proliferation and differientation

the hypertrophic zone is

chondrocyte alignment

the proliferation zone is

chondrocyte maturation and hypertrophy