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what is ecumene?
the portion of earth’s surface with permanent human settlement
what is population density?
the average number of people per unit of land area
what is arithmetic (crude) density?
the average number of people per unit of land area
what is physiological density?
the average number of people per unit area (a square mile or km) of arable land
what is arable land?
land suitable for cultivation
what is agricultural density?
the numbers of farmers per unit of arable land
what is carrying capacity?
the number of people a particular environment on earth can support on a sustainable basis
what is a dependency ratio?
the number of dependents in a population in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15-64 years) must support
what is a population pyramid?
a very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure
what is a crude birth rate (CBR)?
the average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates
what is a total fertility rate (TFR)?
the average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15-49 years of age
what is an infant mortality rate (IMR)?
a measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births
what is the rate of natural increase (RNI)?
the difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population
what is the population doubling time?
the number of years it takes for a population to double in size
what is the rule of 70?
a tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country’s rate of natural increase
what is zero population growth (ZPG)?
when a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, the RNI is 0
what is the demographic transition model (DTM)?
conceptualizes how crude birth rate and crude death rate as well as the resulting rate of natural increase change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization
what is the epidemiologic transition theory?
a branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants and control diseases, and other health conditions such a s tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle
what is the Malthusian theory?
suggests that the world’s population was growing faster than the rate of food production; as a result, mass starvation would occur
what are antinatalist policies?
designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates
what are pronatalist policies?
designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth
what are ravenstein’s laws of migration?
most migrants only move a short distancem
what is migration?
the long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another
what is the push-pull theory of migration?
theory asserting that two contrasting sets of factors are at work in migration decisions?
what are push factors?
factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else
what are pull factors?
the attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants
what are intervening obstacles?
the complications that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination
what are intervening opportunities?
a nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination further away
what is forced migration?
migration caused by forces out of one’s control, such as disasters, social conflicts, or developmental projects
what is a guest worker?
a person with temporary permission to work in another country
what is transnational migration?
when migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they have migrated
what internal migration (interregional)?
when people move within the borders of a country
what is step migration (stepwise)?
migration carried out in a series of stages usually from nearby and bigger and more distant places
what is chain migration?
the process by which some people’s migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place
what is transhumance?
a phenomenon where herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastures
what are refugees?
people who leave their country because of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political opinion
what are internally displace persons (IDP)?
someone who remains within his or her country’s borders despite being persecuted by their home country
Stage 1 of DTM
Characterized by high birth and death rates, leading to a fluctuating population. Common in pre-industrial societies, this stage sees limited access to healthcare and sanitation, resulting in high infant mortality. Over time, improvements in health and living conditions may lead to a gradual decline in death rates, setting the stage for demographic transition. Dying occurs from everything like dirty water and diseasess.
Stage 2 of DTM
Characterized by high birth rates and declining death rates. This results in a rapid population increase. Improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition contribute to lower mortality rates, while cultural norms still favor large families. Common in developing countries transitioning from pre-industrial to industrial economies. People die to infectious diseases, malnutrition, and birth related deaths.
Stage 3 of DTM
This stage is characterized by a decline in birth rates while death rates remain low, leading to a slowing population growth. Societal changes, such as increased access to education and healthcare, particularly for women, contribute to smaller family sizes. Urbanization and economic shifts often accompany this stage, as families prioritize quality of life over quantity of offspring. People are now living longer and dying to degenerative diseases like cancer and heart attacks. Obesity and alcohol use become more of a concern now.
Stage 4 of DTM
A stage characterized by low birth and death rates, leading to a stable population. This stage often features high levels of urbanization, improved healthcare, and a focus on family planning. Economic development is typically advanced, with a shift towards service-based industries. Challenges may include aging populations and potential labor shortages. Almost all deaths come from degenerative diseases. The amount of old people are extremely high and people are dying to old age and degenerative diseases.
The great migration
The great migration refers to when in the 20th century millions of African Americans went from south to north.
Neo-malthusians
People who agree with the Malthusian views of lessening the worlds population
Boserup effect
Increase in food production resulting from new farming methods
Spatial mobility
Geographic movement
Anthropocene
Society is dominated by men
Youth dependency ratio
Number of under 15 year olds that have to be supported by the working class
Elderly dependency ratio
Number of above 64 year olds that have to be supported by the working classs
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