I.D. Terms Period 7

Clayton Antitrust Act

Clayton Antitrust Act

Passed in 1914 as part of Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom program; was a clarification of the Sherman anti-trust act.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Prevented unfair methods of competition. Aside from banning the practices of price discrimination and anti-competitive mergers which lead to monopolies.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Declared strikes, boycotts, and labor unions legal.

Populist Party

Political party formed in the 1890s, also known as the People’s Party. It had strong support in the South and West and drew many ideas out of the Farmers Alliance and the Greenback Party. The Ocala demands summarized their platform calling for federal regulation of railroad rates, creating a sub-treasury, bimetallism (using gold and silver to back currency), a graduated income tax, and the direct election of senators.

Populist Party

The 1896 election saw both the Democrats and Populists nominate William Jennings Bryan who gave the famous Cross of Gold speech endorsing bimetallism. The party collapses nationally as some want to join the Democrats and others stay as an independent 3rd party but the Populists will still continue to hold power at the state level for a while.

Sherman Anti-trust Act

Passed in 1890, this was a reaction to the growing power and corruption of big businesses, specifically monopolies. The act prohibited anti-competitive agreements any actions that attempt to monopolize a particular market (e.g. oil or steel).

Sherman Anti-trust Act

The act aimed to promote a truly competitive market, and the Department of Justice was authorized to bring lawsuits against businesses that violated these standards. In the early years if the act the courts were often sympathetic toward big business which limited the power of the act.

Frederick Jackson Turner- frontier thesis

He was a historian who argued that westward movement and settlement were vital to the formation of an American culture that embraced democracy. This was an extension of Manifest Destiny and argued that the frontier gave Americans the freedom necessary to change their European mindset. The West, in essence, Americanizes Americans.

Frederick Jackson Turner- frontier thesis

The closing of the American frontier in the 1890s was seen by many as justification for overseas expansion or imperialism.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 addition to the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt. This stated that the United States could intervene in Latin American affairs when it felt justified. This was a part of Roosevelt’s Big Stick diplomacy.

Open Door Policy

1899 foreign policy stated by secretary of state John Hay regarding China. The policy allowed European powers to continue to have their “spheres of influence” in China but that those spheres would be open to trade with other nations (specifically the US).

Open Door Policy

This protected China from being partitioned, gave China authority in collecting tariffs, but was opposed by Chinese nationalist who eventually tried to drive out foreign intervention through the Boxer Rebellion.

Platt Amendment

1901 addition to the Cuban constitution at the completion of the Spanish American War. The amendment gave the US power of Cuba’s ability to make treaties or borrow money from foreign countries. It was designed to protect Cuba from being imperialized by foreign powers but many Cubans saw it as American imperialism.

Teller Amendment

1908 resolution of congress that stated that the United States would not annex Cuba after the Spanish American War. This quelled anti-imperialist opposition to the Spanish American War.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History which heavily influenced politicians like Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge. He advocated for a strong navy, building an isthmian canal, controlling the Caribbean, and spreading Western civilization.

National Origins Act

1924 Act by congress that was a revision of the 1923 Emergency Quota Act. This act prevented immigration from Asia, and set quotas on immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe setting the limit at 2% of the population group as recorded in the 1890 census. This was a change from the Emergency Quota act which used 3% and the 1910 census.

National Origins Act

The Act further hurt diplomatic relations with Japan and definitely targeted countries viewed as extreme in the wake of the First Red Scare and American fears of communism, socialism, and anarchism.

Federal Reserve Bank (Act)

1913 congressional act, signed by Wilson, which established the centralized banking system in the United States. The act created 12 regional banks that would oversee banks in their region. This was a direct reaction to the Panic of 1907 and increased demand for more government control.

Smoot Hawley Tariff

1930 protectionary tariff designed to protect farmers and American businesses. Tariffs were already high from the Fordney-McCumber Act of 1922 and this tariff increased rates even higher and added agricultural products to the coverage because European farmers were starting to compete in the American market.

Smoot Hawley Tariff

The overall impact was disastrous as foreign countries responded with their own tariffs and exports throughout the world dropped by about 2/3s. 1,000 economists led by Paul Douglass had petitioned President Hoover not to sign the tariff but he did anyway.

National Recovery Administration

1933 New Deal Agency under FDR. It was designed to help eliminate “cut throat” competition between businesses. The act unified business, labor, and government together to create “codes” of fair practice such as minimum wages, maximum hours, and minimum prices that could be charged for goods or services.

National Recovery Administration

The symbol for a business agreeing with the codes set by the NRA was a blue eagle and the slogan was “We Do Our Part” and businesses that didn’t display the blue eagle were often boycotted. The NRA was declared unconstitutional in the 1935 Supreme Court case Schecter Poultry Corp v. US for violating separation of powers.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Created in 1933 as part of the New Deal, this created a government owned electric utility company that would help with flood control, fertilizer production, and economic planning throughout multiple southern states.

Tennessee Valley Authority

The project has been considered a major success in the government’s role in economic planning and development, and modernizing the area. It also illustrated the effectiveness of government-run utilities versus privately owned ones. Critics of the project cite its use of eminent domain (the power of the government to take private property at compensation without consent) and the displacement of over 100,000 residents.

Huey Long

Louisiana Governor and Senator nicknamed “the king fish”, he was a left-wing critic of FDR. As Governor of Louisiana he expanded social welfare programs and public works and was considered a populist champion for the poor.

Huey Long

Long criticized FDR for not going far enough in government help to the poor and championed an idea called Share Our Wealth, which would tax the rich and redistribute to the poor. In a position to challenge FDR for the 1936 Democrat nomination but was assassinated in 1935.

Social Security Act

1935 Act that created a national social security system. This was helped along by the popularity of Dr. Francis Townsend’s “Old Age Revolving Pensions” or Townsend plan which would give people over 60 $200 a month.

Social Security Act

The act was funded by payroll taxes from both the employer and employee and the amount you receive is linked to what you put in. Many groups (teachers, agricultural workers, government employees) were exempt from the act and the act did expand coverage to dependent children and the physically handicapped.

NAACP

Formed in 1909 as part of W.E.B Du Bois’ Niagara movement, this civil rights organization fights for the rights of black people.

NAACP

This interracial organization specifically advocates for political, social, economic, and educational equality.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Created by the Banking Act of 1933, this was designed to increase or restore public confidence in the banking system. At the outset of the Great Depression about 1/3 of all American banks had failed.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

This act guaranteed a person’s bank deposits up to a certain amount no matter what happened to the bank. The creation of the ___ along with FDR’s fireside chat helped restore public confidence in the banking system.

Bracero program

1942 program designed for agricultural workers from Mexico. These migrant workers would be guaranteed a minimum pay, shelter, and food with a portion of their pay to be set up in an account in Mexico.

Bracero program

Questions will be raised as to whether the existence of this program depresses farm wages for Americans and whether the program will be disbanded in 1964. After the program disbanded increased mechanization seemed more prevalent than rising wages for agricultural workers.

Dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy from 1909-1913 under the William Howard Taft presidency. This policy wanted to minimize the use of military force or threat and replace it with economic investments throughout Latin America and East Asia.

Dollar diplomacy

Many foreign countries resented the intervention and Woodrow Wilson who became president in 1913 immediately canceled the policy.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Passed in 1917 by the Wilson administration after the United States entered World War I. This act made it illegal to aid the enemy of the United States in any way or to attempt to undermine the American war effort. The act called into question 1st amendment rights as protesters of the war were arrested.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

The acts were upheld by the Supreme Court case Schenk v. US 1919. Eugene Debs will be arrested under this act and will run for the presidency from a jail cell in the 1920 election and received 3% of the popular vote.

Committee on Public Information

This was a committee created during World War I and led by George Creel, to generate support for the War. The committee used propaganda to generate enlistments, sell war bonds, dehumanize the enemy, and hire “4-minute men” who would give 4-minute speeches in public settings to generate war support.

Washington Naval Conference

Naval disarmament conference held in the US in 1921-1922 (ratified in 1923) and led by Secretary of State Charles Evan Hughes. 9 countries attended with the major 5 being the U.S., Britain, Japan, France, and Italy.

Washington Naval Conference

The 5 Powers Treaty set a tonnage ratio (in order of the countries listed above) of 5/5/3/1.3/1.3. This treaty will result in the scuttling or decommissioning ships in the US.

Washington Naval Conference

The 9 Powers Treaty recognized the territorial integrity of China and guaranteed respect for the Open Door Policy.

Washington Naval Conference

The 4 Powers treaty recognized the territorial holdings of each power throughout the Pacific which was a defector recognition of Japan as the primary Asian power.

Stimson Doctrine

Named after the Secretary of State. This is the US policy of non-recognition of territory acquired through a war of aggression.

Stimson Doctrine

This policy was announced after the Mukden incident (1931-1932) which was where Japan seized Manchuria from China.

Neutrality Acts

These were a series of acts passed by congress in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939. They were a response to the growing threat of war throughout Europe and Asia and a response to the Nye committee’s investigation into what caused America to join World War I. Their conclusion was what they referred to as the “merchants of death” which declared economic interests as the driving force.

Neutrality Acts

Forbade the selling the weapons or war material to nations engaged in war.

Neutrality Acts

Continued the 1935 act and added that loans could not be made to belligerent nations.

Neutrality Acts

The above two are continued and it added a prohibition that the US ships could not carry goods or passengers to belligerent nations and Americans could not travel on belligerent ships. Trade of non-military goods could happen with belligerent nations provided it was Cash and Carry which meant those nations would pay for the entire cost of goods up from and carry them away from the US on their ships.

Neutrality Acts

Passed after Germany invaded Poland and it repealed the acts of 1935 and 1937 and allowed for weapons and war material to be sold on a cash-and-carry basis.

Atlantic Charter

Joint declaration of the US (FDR) and Britain (Churchill) on August 14, 1941 stating the post war goals for both. It called for self-determination of peoples (countries), freedom from fear and want, freedom of the seas and disarmament of aggressor nations.

Atlantic Charter

Nations that agrees signed on to a Declaration by United Nations which became the basis for the United Nations.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the project started in 1942 to develop nuclear weapons. It was a joint venture by the US, Britain, and Canada and J Robert Oppenheimer led the Los Alamos site which was where the weapon was created.

Manhattan Project

The Trinity Test in New Mexico brought the US into the nuclear age and subsequently the US dropped Little Boy on Hiroshima (Aug 6) and Fat Man on Nagasaki (Aug 9) The Japanese will surrender on August 15th.

Progressivism

Political viewpoint popularized in the late 19th and early 20th century. It was a reaction to the negatives of the second industrial revolution and that progress could only be made by regulating a laissez-faire capitalist economy.

Progressivism

Stressed individual morality, collective action, the scientific method, and expert opinions as means of bringing about change. The wanted to reform government and regulate business to lessen corruption, they wanted prohibition and stressed social justice, and sought to reform and standardize education.

NAACP

Interracial group formed in 1909 by many people including W.E.B Du Bois and Ida Wells. This organization grew out of The Niagara Movement and had as its mission the equality of all people.

NAACP

Prominent in advocating for an end to lynching, fighting against the disenfranchisement of black voters, and ending Jim Crow racial segregation.

Upton Sinclair

One of the leading muckrakers of the Progressive Era, he authored the book The Jungle to expose the dangers workers faced in the meatpacking industry. Public attention was drawn more to the unsanitary conditions of the food rather than the plight of the workers and public concern led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act as well as the Meat Inspection Act.

New Nationalism

This was the name of Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive platform when he ran in the 1912 presidential election under his newly created Progressive or Bull Moose Party.

New Nationalism

He believed the federal government should regulate or break up “bad trusts”, he favored human welfare over property rights, advocated for social insurance for the unemployed, disabled, and elderly, pushed for minimum wage laws and voting rights for women, and called for an income tax.

Harlem Renaissance

This was a 1920s and 1930s artistic, intellectual, and political revival that was called at the time, The New Negro Movement. Part of this movement was inspired by the Great Migration or the mass movement of black people out of the south and into the North during World War I.

Harlem Renaissance

African American theater rejected the former stereotypes of the minstrel shows and blackface, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson and Claude McKay (his poem If We Must Die was seen as an African American rallying cry) were famous literary figures, Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong were famous jazz musicians, and Madame C.J. Walker was the first African American female millionaire.

Harlem Renaissance

The movement had wide reaching effects and one of its main goals was to promote social and racial integration.

The(first) Red Scare

1919-1920 American fear of the infiltration of radical political ideals of socialism, communism, and anarchism. The Bolshevik revolution in Russia at the end of World War I gave credibility to these fears.

The(first) Red Scare

In 1919 there was a Seattle General Strike, a Boston Police strike, and an orchestrated bombing campaign by Galleanists (followers of Italian Immigrant anarchist Luigi Galleani) which proceeded to mail bombs to anti-immigrant politicians, business leaders, and was blamed for the 1920 Wall Street bombing that killed 38.

The(first) Red Scare

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer led the Palmer Raids which often violated Civil Rights in an attempt to protect the US from subversive action. Many Russian were deported and the period was known as Red Summer. The trial and sentencing of Sacco and Vanzetti to death and the fact that a May Day (Labor Day) revolution did not happen calmed the Bolshevik hysteria in the U.S.

Fundamentalism

Term used to describe Evangelical Protestants who believed in the authority of the Bible. The 1920s saw a rise in ___ beliefs in part as a reaction to the widespread incorporation of Darwin’s theory of Evolution into science classrooms.

Fundamentalism

Tennessee passed the Butler Act outlawing the teaching of evolution in schools and when John Scopes violated the law it resulted in the “Trial of the Century” or the “Scopes Monkey Trial”. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 dollars but support for this dipped afterwards.

Fundamentalism

Illustrated a cultural divide between the modern city and the conservative countryside.

14 Points

Term give to President Wilson’s peace outline to end World War I and establish a peace without victory.

14 Points

His ideas called for free trade, expanded democracy or self-determination (adjusting colonial claims), reduction of arms, an end to secret treaties, and the creation of a League of Nations.

War Industries Board

Created in 1917 to help the United States mobilize for World War I. The board allocated raw materials to war industries, encouraged standardization and mass production, and set production quotas.

War Industries Board

Many war production businesses made a great deal of profits which was part of the evidence used by the Nye Committee in issuing the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s. This was also the first attempt at the centralized planning of the later New Deal.

Muckraker

Term used for the journalists of the Progressive Era who exposed government corruption, immoral or unscrupulous business practices, brought to light poor working and living conditions for the poor, and overall sought to try and improve and uplift society.

Muckraker

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (meatpacking plants), Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives (living conditions in the tenements), Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of our Cities (local government corruption), Ida Tarbell (write in McClure magazine specifically attacking the business practices of Standard Oil), and John Spargo’s The Bitter Cry of Children (advocated for child labor laws) were some of the prominent authors of the time.

New Freedom

This was Woodrow Wilson’s 1912 campaign platform. He advocated for lowering tariffs, advocated for labor rights, called for greater regulation of businesses, and wanted banking reform.

New Freedom

Wilson differed in his view of anti-trust legislation from Roosevelt in that Wilson favored more of a regulated competition with less federal authority to control trusts.

John Collier

He was the Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and leader of the “Indian New Deal” during FDR’s presidency. He intended to reverse the policy of assimilation as previously put forth in the Dawes Act and he wanted to preserve Indian culture.

John Collier

The major accomplishment was the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 which reversed tribal loss of land and brought back the authority of the varying tribes.

NLRA/Wagner Act

Passed in 1935 as part of the second New Deal. Guarantees that private labor groups can form unions and collectively bargain.

NLRA/Wagner Act

The act defined unfair labor practices and gave the federal government the power to prosecute any abuse of those practices. This was a huge win for organized labor and helped solidify blue-collar workers as Democrat voters.

OASDI/Social Security

Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance otherwise known as social security was passed in 1935 as part of FDR’s second New Deal.

Social Security

Passed in part due to the rising popularity of Huey Long’s Share Our Wealth Program and Dr. Francis Townshend’s Old Age Revolving Pension fund plan. This was a large part of the idea that government had a more active role in playing to ensure social welfare protections for its citizens.

Lend Lease Act

1941 Act that allowed the US to give aid to Britain, France, the Soviet Union, China, and other allied nations without regard to them paying it back. This followed the 1940 Destroyers for Bases deal between the US and Britain and officially ended the US policy of neutrality.