Psychology 101 FINAL EXAM, Iowa State University, 2018.

Heritability refers to the extent to which trait variations among individuals are attributable to their differing:

Genes

Anxious, inhibited infants become more physiologically aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the impact of:

Temperament

The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of:

Molecular genetics

Researchers studying mice have found that in utero exposure to certain chemicals can cause genetically identical twins to have different colored fur. This is best explained by the fact that genetically linked traits can be modified by:

Epigenetic marks

The genome is the complete:

Set of genetic materials in a organisms chromosomes.

Adoptive parents are LEAST likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.

Personality traits

Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are:

More similar in their risk of developing autism spectrum disorder and more similar in risk of being emotionally unstable.

Whether or not ________ is/are expressed depends on environmental influences.

Genes

One's biologically rooted temperament helps form one's enduring

Personality

Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This best illustrates the influence of ________ on development.

Prenatal enviornments

Adopted children are especially likely to have similar ________ if raised in the same home.

Attitudes

Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are likely to be ________ similar in intelligence and _________ similar in personality.

More; More

Identifying the interactive influence of specific DNA sequences and child-raising practices on the development of traits such as anxiety best illustrates the specialty area known as

Molecular behavior genetics.

Two individuals are most likely to differ in personality if they are:

Fraternal twins who were raised apart.

Chromosomes are composed of:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

Social learning theory is most likely to highlight the importance of ________ in accounting for the ways in which we sexually interact with others.

Social scripts

According to evolutionary psychology, men's tendency to pair widely and women's tendency to pair wisely are best explained by the fact that these different strategies have contributed to men's and women's:

Reproductive success

An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to:

Fear dangerous animals,
love their own children,
& seek healthy-looking mates.

The study of molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block genetic expression is called:

Epigenetics

Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of:

Selective mating

Which of the following is a major source of genetic diversity?

Mutations

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute the human tendency to fear spiders and snakes to:

Genetic predispositions

Heterosexual men feel most romantically attracted to women whose waists are roughly a third narrower than their hips. Evolutionary psychology most clearly attributes this preference to the fact that this physical characteristic is associated with:

Future fertility

Evolutionary psychology most clearly suggests that human behavioral and biological similarities arise from our shared:

Genome

Who are most likely to be criticized for overestimating the impact of genes on male-female differences in sexual behavior?

Evolutionary psychologists

The sexual overperception bias is strongest among ________ who require ________ emotional closeness before intercourse.

Men; little

Men are LESS likely than women to:

Ask for other people's opinions in a group discussion.

Puberty is most closely related to the onset of:

Menarche

How many human chromosomes are common to both males and females?

45

Over the past decades, women have been increasingly expected to take responsibility for political leadership. This best illustrates a change in:

Gender roles

Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by:

Touch and massage

Displays of humility are most characteristic of those who value:

Collectivism

The concepts of masculinity and femininity that we use to organize our world are called gender:

Schemas.

While sex refers to our ________ influenced characteristics, gender refers to our ________influenced characteristics.

Biologically; Socially

The effect of rewards and punishments on gender typing is most clearly emphasized by:

Social learning theory

Over the last century, Western parents have placed ________ priority on teaching children to respect and obey parents and ________ priority on teaching them loyalty to their country.

Decreasing; Decreasing

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of:

Nature-Nurture interactions

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called:

Gender typing.

Because he believes that crying is a feminine trait, 14-year-old George has difficulty admitting that a movie makes him tearful. His experience best illustrates the impact of:

Gender schemas

Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work-group is most closely associated with:

Collectivism

The belief that boys have shorter hair than girls is a:

Gender schema

In some cultures, men are expected to take primary responsibility for managing household finances, and women are expected to take primary responsibility for preparing household meals. This best illustrates aspects of:

Gender roles

Compared with boys, girls spend:

More time with friends.

During middle and late adulthood, women become progressively ________ self-confident and men become progressively ________ empathic.

More; More

Because of an insensitivity to male sex hormones during prenatal development, Pat, a genetically male baby, was born with external genitals characteristic of a female baby. Pat most clearly shows signs of:

An intersex condition

People are especially likely to show flexibility in their career choices if they are:

Androgynous

A single ________ on the ________ chromosome plays a crucial role in the prenatal development of the testes.

Gene; Y

During their teen years, girls become progressively ________ assertive and boys become progressively ________ domineering.

Less; More

The dramatic increase in Americans' premarital sexual activity over the past half-century best illustrates that sexual behavior is influenced by:

Norms

Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits, it would make the most sense to consider the importance of:

A selection effect

Taking certain drugs during pregnancy is likely to expose unborn children to harmful:

Terataogens

By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' ________ and that of another nursing mother.

Smell

The fusion of a sperm cell and an egg into a single cell is called:

Conception

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of:

Continuity and Stages

Elaina is in the fourth month of her pregnancy. At this point, her developing baby would be referred to as a(n):

Fetus

Newborn infants typically prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice because:

They become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born.

The best evidence that newborns possess visual memory capabilities comes from research on:

Habituation

If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a(n):

Teratogen

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of:

Stability and change

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a ________ psychologist.

Developmental

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the:

Placenta

When touched on the cheek, infants reflexively:

Open their mouths

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are most clearly highlighting the importance of:

Nature-Nurture interactions

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

Spontaneous recovery.

Which of the following does NOT provide an example of how Pavlov's principles can influence human health and well-being?

Children can learn health-related behaviors by observing their parents.

Samantha's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth. Each morning, Samantha places the cat's food on the back porch. When the door to the porch opens, a bell rings. So, each time Samantha opens the door the bell rings. Now, Samantha's cat salivates when the bell rings. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Food

The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father's bass drum, she responded with fear. The fear response is most clearly an example of:

Respondent behavior

When a person has linked a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that now the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response, ________ has occurred.

Acquisiton

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a:

UR.

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

Associative learning.

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:

Generalization

When Jake is with his girlfriend, he feels so in love, happy, and content. Because he and his girlfriend text and talk on the phone frequently throughout the day, Jake has set up a special ring tone for his girlfriend. Now, when he hears the ring tone, be feels happy and content. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

The ring tone

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):

A conditioned stimulus.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

Observable behavior.

Samantha's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth. Each morning, Samantha places the cat's food on the back porch. When the door to the porch opens, a bell rings. So, each time Samantha opens the door the bell rings. Now, Samantha's cat salivates when the bell rings. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

The bell on the door.

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

Unconditioned Stimulus

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of:

Discrimination

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the:

Conditioned Response

The diminishing of a conditioned response is known as:

Extiniction

Months after she was beaten up by a robber, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety.

Conditioned stimulus.

The sea slug, Aplysia, withdraws its gills if it is squirted with water. If the squirts continue, as they do in nature, the withdrawal response will diminish. But if the sea slug receives an electric shock after being squirted, the withdrawal of the gills grows stronger. In applying classical conditioning to the example of the sea slug, the withdrawal of the gills to the water is the:

Unconditioned response.

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

Classical conditioning

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a:

Conditioned Response

Working hard every day of the year for the gratification of a bonus paycheck at the end of the year best illustrates the impact of ________ on behavior.

Delayed reinforcers.

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

Decreases; increases

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Fixed-interval

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

Shaping.

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed-ratio

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

Conditioned

Mark can't go to his baseball practice this week because he lied to his parents about something that he did with his friends. Removing baseball practice is an example of:

Negative punishments

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates:

The law of effect

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates:

Operant conditioning

New golfers learn putting skills best if they are first reinforced for effective short putts followed by reinforcement for increasingly longer-distance putting effectiveness. This best illustrates the value of:

Shaping

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

Negative reinforcement

Cassie did not do her chores today because she was distracted all afternoon by her friends. As a result, her parents gave her extra chores. The extra chores in this example are:

Positive punishments

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior. In this case, the time-out is a:

Punishment

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________.

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates:

Partial reinforcement

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

Variable-Ratio

Rats most easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with:

Novel tastes