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No longer require water
Gametophyte greatly reduced
Seeds replace spores
Heterosporous
Characteristics of seeded plants
What allowed seeded vascular plants to break their ties to water?
Ability of pollen to be dispersed by wind or animals
What gives rise to the female gametophyte?
Megaspores
What gives rise to the male gametophyte?
Microspores
What is the outer layer of the ovule?
Integument
Is the tissue of the ovule haploid or diploid?
Diploid
What do microspores develop into?
Pollen Grains
What happens when the seed develops from the ovule?
Integuments become the seed coat
The zygote becomes the embryo
Seed contains tissue that acts as food for new plant
Nonflowering Plants
Gymnosperms
Flowering Plants
Angiosperms
True or False: Gymnosperms seeds have no extra covering
True
True or False: Angiosperms have an additional outer covering known as the fruit
True
What is the overall seed structure for both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?
Embryo
Stored Food
Seed Coat
In Gymnosperms, the food stored in the seed is ________.
Haploid
In Angiosperms, the stored food in the seed is ______.
Triploid
Gymnosperms include:
Coniferophytes
Cycadophytes
Ginkgophytes
Gnetophytes
What are the main characteristics of angiosperms?
Flowers
Broad Leaves
Advanced vascular tissue
What are the four main parts of a complete flower?
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Carpel
What is the male reproductive part of the flower?
Stamens
What is the female reproductive part of the flower?
Carpels
What does the stamens consist of?
Filament and anther
What do the carpels consist of?
Stigma, Style and Ovary
What is the stigma designed to do?
Catch pollen
What are the different types of dispersal?
Wind, Mechanical, Animal, and Water
One sperm fuses with egg cell to form zygote
The other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei making the triploid endosperm
Double Fertilization
The Angiosperms include...
Basil
Magnolids
Monocots
Eudicots
Flowers in groups of 3
Leaves are narrow with parallel veins
Vascular tissue have scattered vascular bundles
Have many smaller roots
Pollen has a singe openings
Seed has one cotlyedon
Monocots
Flowers in groups of 4 or 5
Leaves are wider with netlike veins
Vascular tissue has ring of vascular bundles
One main taproot
Pollen has three openings
Seed has two cotyledons
Dicots
Relative amounts of various sizes of soil particles
Texture
Relative amounts of inorganic and organic components
Composition
C,H,O,P,K,N,S,Ca,Fe,Mg
Macronutrients
Cl, Mn, Mo, Cu, B, Zn, Ni
Micronutrients
Convert N2 to NH3
Nitrogen Fixation
Convert Nitrogen containing material to NH4
Ammonification
Convert NH4 to NO3
Nitrification
Convert NO3 to N2
Denitrification
Where do nitrogen fixing bacteria live?
In the root nodules of legumes
What is the relationship of a fungus converting insoluble nutrients into soluble nutrients for the plant?
Mycorrhizae
Anchors the plant
Absorbs minerals and nutrients
Stores organic nutrients
Root
Fibrous Root System
Monocots
Taproot System
Dicots
Where do root hairs form?
Epidermis
What is the leaf producing group of cells?
Leaf Primordia
What is the branch producing group of cells?
Axillary Buds
What are the two main parts of a leaf?
Blade and Petiole
What are the three main tissue systems?
Dermal, Ground and Vascular
Where is the Dermal tissue system from?
Protoderm
Where is the Ground Tissue system from?
Ground Meristem
Where is the Vascular Tissue System from?
Procambium
What are the two parts of the Dermal system?
Epidermis and Periderm
What are the three main parts of Ground system?
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenechyma
What are the two parts of the Vascular system?
Xylem and Phloem
Thin walled with waxy cuticle and produces root hairs
Epidermis
This structure replaces epidermis in woody stems, branches and trunks
Periderm
Where are cork cells found?
Periderm
Thin walled living cells
Main photosynthesizers in shoots
Main storage in roots
Parenchyma
Elongated living cells
Irregular thick walls
Provide support
Tough and Flexible
Collenchyma
Dead cells
Thick walls
Added lignin
Strength and Support
Very Hard
Sclerenchyma
Conducts water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
Xylem
Conducts water, sugar, and amino acids and hormones from some source to the rest of the plant or to a "sink"
Phloem
What are the two components of a Xylem?
Tracheids and Vessel Elements
Smaller diameter pipes with slanted ends; have pits
Tracheids
Large diameter pipes, meet end to end, ends are perforated or missing completely
Vessel Elements
What are the two components of the Phloem?
Sieve Tube Elements and Companion Cells
End to end
Holes where they meet and forms a plate
Lined with living tissue
Lost many cellular components (lack nucleus, few ribosomes, few endoplasmic reticulum)
Sieve Tube Elements
Makes up for the cellular components lost by the sieve tube elements
Companion Cells
Meristem Cells are _______ embryonic cells
undifferentiated
Where are meristem cells found?
Tips of root and shoot and at axillary buds, lateral meristems
What growth occurs at the apical meristems?
Primary Growth
Does primary growth increase the height or width of the plant?
Height
Where is the lateral meristem found?
Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium
What acts as a lubricating layer that helps push roots down?
Root Cap
What structure is mainly parenchyma cells that are designed for food storage?
Cortex
What is a close fitting layer of cells around the vascular tissue?
Endodermis
What waxy coating seals the spaces between endodermal cells?
Casparian Strip
What structure is inside the endodermis?
Vascular Cylinder or Stele
What are the layer of cells at the outer edge of the vascular cylinder?
Pericycle
Where do branch roots form?
In the pericycle
Inside the ring is the _____ and the outside of the ring is the _____.
Pith; Cortex
_______ is toward the inside of the stem and the _____ is toward the outside of the stem
Xylem; Phloem
With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? a) Egg-n b) Megaspore-2n c) Microspore-n d) Zygote-2n e) Sperm-n
B
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms have the following in common except: a) Seeds b) Pollen c) Vascular Tissue d) Ovaries e) Ovule
D
Which of the following does not describe gymnosperms? a) Sporophyte Dominant b) Pollen Grains c) Food source in seeds is haploid d) Food source arises from both female and male gametophytes
D
Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower? a) Petals, Sepals, Stamens, Carpels b) Sepals, Stames, Petals, Carpels c) Spores, Gametes, Zygote, Embryo d) Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Carpels e) Male Gametophyte, Female Gametophyte, Sepals and Petals
D
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms have all of the following characteristics except: a). Megaspores that are haploid b) Male Gametophyte which are haploid c) Egg nucleus which is diploid d) Embryo which is diploid
C
Which of the following is not a kind of epidermal cell? a) Pith b) Root Hair c) Guard Cell d) Cork
A
The conducting elements of the phloem are part of the tracheids
False
Which of the following statements is false regarding root structure? a) The root cap can lubricate b) The stele consists of the xylem and phloem c) Roots grow by secondary growth in the apical meristem cells located in the root cap d) The Casparian Strip functions by sealing the spaces between endodermal cells
C
If you were to penetrate through the epidermal layer of the root, you would next encounter the______.
Cortex
Secondary Xylem is formed in association with the _____.
Inner face of the vascular cambium
You tie a swing on a branch 10 feet off the ground. If a tree grows 1.5 feet a year, in 7 years, how far off the ground is the tire swing?
The same height
Which of the following is a micronutrient? a) S b) Cl c) Fe d) Mg
B
The process of converting N-containing organic material into NH4 is called
Ammonification
Where would you find root hairs?
Dermal Tissue
What ground tissue type is made of dead cells?
Sclerenchyma
These cells provide support and are elongated living cells
Collenchyma
True or False: In monocots, the primary root is replaced by the taproot system which has one main root that lateral roots branch off
False
Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct? a) Dermal tissue - Epidermal Cell b) Ground Tissue - Parenchyma and Sclerenchyma Cells c) Vascular Tissue - Xylem and Phloem d) All of the following are correct
D
A fruit is a...
Mature ovary
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
Within an ovule contained within the ovary of the flower