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Animal Physiology Exam 1
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1
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What type of response does the nervous system provide to stimulli?
swift but brief
2
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What type of response does the endocrine system provide to stimuli?
adjusts metabolic operations and directs long-term changes
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What are the organs of the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors, nerves
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What do receptors do?
detect changes or respond to stimuli
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What do effectors do?
respond to efferent signals
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What comprises the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
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What comprises the peripheral nervous system?
all neural tissue outside the CNS; nerves, sensory receptors
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What are the functions of the CNS?
process and coordinate; analyze data, motor commands, higher functions of the brain
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What are the higher functions of the brain?
intelligence, memory, learning, emotion
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What are the functions of the nerves of the PNS?
delivery sensory information to CNS, carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
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What are the functions of the receptors of the PNS?
detect changes or respond to stimuli
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What are the functional divisions of the PNS?
afferent and efferent
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What does the afferent division of the PNS do?
carries sensory information to CNS
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What does the efferent division of the PNS do?
carries motor commands from CNS to PNS to muscles and glands
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What are the two parts of the efferent division of the PNS?
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
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What does the somatic nervous system do?
controls skeletal muscle contractions
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What does the autonomic nervous system do?
controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions
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What are the divisions of the ANS?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
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What are the two cell types of neural tissue?
neuron and neuroglia or glial cells
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What are neurons?
the basic functional unit of the nervous system
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What are neuroglia or glial cells?
supporting cells of the nervous system
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Classification of anaxonic neurons
no anatomic clues to distinguish dendrites from axons
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Classification of bipolar neurons
two distinct processes: one dendritic process and one axon with the cell body between them
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Classification of unipolar neurons
fused dendrites and axon, cell body to one side
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Classification of multipolar neurons
multiple dendrites, one axon
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What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
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Are sensory neurons afferent or efferent?
afferent
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Are motor neurons afferent or efferent?
efferent
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What do sensory neurons do?
carry information to the CNS
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What is a ganglion?
collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
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What do somatic sensory neurons do?
monitor external environment
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What do visceral sensory neurons do?
monitor internal environment
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What are the types of sensory receptors?
interoceptors, exteroceptors, proprioceptors
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What do exteroceptors do?
sense external environment
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What do proprioceptors do?
sense the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
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What do interoceptors do?
monitor internal organ activity and sense taste, deep pressure, and pain
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What do motor neurons do?
carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors
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What do somatic motor neurons do?
innervate skeletal muscles
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What do visceral motor neurons do?
innervate all PNS effectors other than skeletal muscles
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What are interneurons responsible for?
analyzing sensory information and coordinating motor outputs; also involved in memory, planning, and learning in humans
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What portion of the volume of the nervous system in made up of neuroglia?
half the volume
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What are the four types of neuroglia in the CNS?
ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
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Where are ependymal cells found?
lining the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
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What do ependymal cells do?
secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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What do microglia do?
they are the "wandering police force"
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Where are astrocytes found?
lining CNS capillaries
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What do astrocytes do?
maintain blood brain barrier
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What does the blood brain barrier do?
separates the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue
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What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?
prevents many drugs, proteins, ions, and other molecules from readily passing from the blood into the brain
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What do oligodendrocytes do?
myelinate axons in the CNS
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What makes up white matter of CNS?
regions dominated by myelinated axons
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What makes up gray matter of CNS?
cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
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What are the types of neuroglia in the PNS?
satellite cells and Schwann cells
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What do neurons do?
perform all communication, information processing, and control functions of the nervous system
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What do neuroglia do?
preserve physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue and are essential to survival and function of neurons
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What are the five main membrane processes in neural activities?
resting potential, graded potential, action potential, synaptic activity, information processing
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What is the general resting membrane potential?
-70mV
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What is RMP determined by?
membrane permeability to K+ and Na+
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What is equilibrium potential?
the transmembrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane
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What causes a rise or fall in transmembrane potential?
temporary changes in membrane permeability
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What happens as a result of change in transmembrane potential?
opening or closing of specific membrane channels
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True or false: passive channels are always open
true
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What causes active channels to open or close?
specific stimuli
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What are the three states of an active channel?
1. closed but capable of opening, 2. open (activated), 3. closed and incapable of opening (inactivated)
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What are the three classes of gated channels?
1. chemically regulated, voltage regulated, mechanically regulated
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What opens chemically regulated channels?
the presence of specific chemicals at a binding site
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Where are chemically regulated channels found?
on neuron cell body and dendrites
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What opens voltage regulated channels?
specific changes in transmembrane potential
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Where are voltage regulated channels found?
neural axons, skeletal muscle sarcolemma, cardiac muscle
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What opens mechanically regulated channels?
membrane distortion
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Where are mechanically regulated channels found?
sensory receptors (touch, pressure, vibration)
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What are graded potentials?
Short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential
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What happens during excitation of graded potential?
A stimulus triggers the opening of Na+ channels and membrane potential moves toward zero (depolarization)
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What happens during inhibition of graded potential?
A stimulus triggers opening of K+ channels and membrane potential increases (hyperpolarization)
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What happens during repolarization of graded potential?
RMP is restored to normal by channels and ion pumps
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What is an action potential?
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
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What initiates an action potential?
a stimulus that reaches threshold (-60 to -55mV)
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What is the first step in the generation of action potentials?
Depolarization to threshold
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What is the second step in the generation of action potentials?
activation of voltage regulated Na+ channels --\> depolarization
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What is the third step in the generation of action potentials?
inactivation of Na+ channels, activation of K+ channels --\> repolarization
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What is the fourth step in the generation of action potentials?
return to normal permeability
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What are the types of refractory periods?
absolute and relative
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What is the absolute refractory period?
brief period during which a local area of a neuron's membrane resists re-stimulation, will not respond to any stimulus
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What is the relative refractory period?
time during which the membrane is repolarized and restoring the resting membrane potential, will only respond to a very strong stimulus
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What is the propagation of an action potential?
the movement of an action potential generated in axon hillock along entire length of axon
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What are the two methods of propagating action potential?
continuous and saltatory
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Where does continuous propagation occur?
unmyelinated axons
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Where does saltatory propagation occur?
myelinated axons
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What is the speed of continuous propagation?
slow: 1m/s
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What is the speed of saltatory propagation?
rapid
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What occurs during continuous propagation?
local current depolarizes the next segment; cycle repeats
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What occurs during saltatory propagation?
action potential appears to leap from node to node, skipping the intervening membrane surface
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How does information travel within the nervous system?
as propagated electrical signals (action potentials)
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What is the most important information within the nervous system carried by?
large diameter myelinated axons
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What is a synapse?
area where a neuron communicates with another cell
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What does a presynaptic cell do?
sends signal
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What does a postsynaptic cell do?
receives signal
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What are the two types of synapses?
electrical and chemical
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True or false: cells are in direct contact for a chemical synapse
false
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What are neurotransmitters?
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
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