Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2022

Anatomy

the study of bodily structures

Physiology

the study of bodily functions

Order of Body Structure

molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Anatomical Position

a person is standing up with feet slightly apart, arms at their sides, and palms facing forward; position is used to reference parts of the body with terminal directions

Homeostasis

the body’s ability to maintain a stable, constant, optimal internal environment; body’s cell needs are met and body activities occur smoothly

Positive Homeostatic Feedback

effector produces a response that enhances a stimulus

Negative Homeostatic Feedback

effector produces a response that opposes a stimulus (most common)

Receptor

structure that is sensitive to change or stimulus

Control Center

receives, processes, and responds to stimuli (brain)

Effector

organ/gland that opposes or enhances the stimulus

Axial

main axis of the body (head, neck, and trunk)

Appendicular

appendages (limbs)

Superior (cranial)

above

Inferior (caudal)

below

Anterior (ventral)

front

Posterior (dorsal)

back/behind

Medial

toward the midline of the body or on the inner side

Lateral

away from the midline or on the outer side

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment

Distal

away from a point of attachment

Superficial (external)

toward or at the boy surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface, inside

Sagittal

divides the body into left and right

Frontal

divdes the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Transverse

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below)

Dorsal Cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavity (posterior side)

Ventral Cavity

includes the thoracic (chest), abdominal, and pelvic cavity (anterior side)

Axillary

armpits

Umbilical/Naval

belly button

Pollex

thumb

Cervical

back of neck

Scapular

shoulder

Orbital

eyes

Manus

hand

Cephalic

head

Tissues

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

secretion, protection, absorption, transportation

Special Traits of Epithelial Tissue

have a basement membrane to attach to underlying tissues, protective lining to body cavities, line hollow organs, avascular (no blood cells), sometimes have a free surface in which cells are not in contact with other cells

Functions of Connective Tissue

joins, holds, and secures (ligaments and tendons), transportation (blood), framework (bone), reserve energy (adipose/fat)

Special Traits of Connective Tissue

most abundant, contain a moving, extracellular matrix, include Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and platelets

Functions of Muscle Tissue

contacts to produce movement or propel sbstances in the body

Special Traits of Muscle Tissue

can have striations and interclated discs

Skeletal Muscle

voluntary, multi

Cardiac Muscle

involuntary, single nucleus, striated, interclated discs

Smooth Muscle

involuntary, single nucleus, non

Nervous Tissue:

Function of Nervous Tissue

conducts electrical impulses throughout the body, receives stimuli, interprets stimuli, responds to stimuli

Arrector Pili Muscle

pulls on hair follicle making it stick straight up (goose bumps) to conserve heat when the body is cold

Melanocytes

produce cells responsible for giving skin its yellow to black color (melanin)

Melanin

responsible for producing pigmentation to the skin; act like a shield protecting the DNA within a cells nucleus from harmful UV rays

Karatin

a protective, hard protein; makes up hair and nails; what makes the skin waterproo

Individuals have the _________ number of melanocytes but produce ___________ amounts of melanin/pigment

same, different

Epidermis

made out of epithelial (stratified squamous) tissue; avascular; the most superficial layer of skin, consists of dead, keratinized cells

Dermis

provides structural strength, contains nerves and blood vessels, contains hair follicles and oil glands, and consists of collagen and elastic fibers

Hypodermis

bottom most layer of skin tissue, contains an insulating layer of adipose (fat) tissue

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Gland

secretes a liquid substance from dilated blood vessels and capillaries to keep the body cool via evaporation

Cutaneous Membrane

skin

Functions of the Skin

stays relatively dry, is considered to be the largest organ of the body, serves as the primary boundary for protecting internal organ systems, contain specialized cells to kill pathogens, serves as the site for the synthesis of vitamin D

4 Accessory Structures of the Integumentary System

hair, nails, sudoriferous glands (sweat) and sebaceous glands (oil)

Serous Membranes

thin/watery secretions; do not open to the outside

Mucous Membranes

thick/mucous like secretion; open to the outside

Melanoma

most dangerous form of skin cancer because they can metastasize the fastest

1st Degree Burn

like a sunburn; no permanent damage

2nd Degree Burn

most painful skin burn; appears in blisters

3rd Degree Burn

black and ashy appearance; not painful because nerve endings are damaged; most dangerous because of risk of infection and extreme loss of bodily fluids

Periosteum

layer of connective tissue that covers the bone and where osteogenic cells arise for growth, repair, and maintenance throughout a persons life

Osteon

bone cell

Lamellae

rings inside an osteon

Haversian Canal

the inside / direct middle of an osteon

Lacuna

multiple dots inside an osteon; houses osteocytes

Canaliculi

squiggly lines inside of an osteon

Flat Bone

thin and flat bones (sternum, scapula, ribs, most cranial bones

Long Bone

longer than they are wide, tend to have a long shaft, mostly located in the limbs (arm, hand, leg, and foot)

Irregular Bone

bone with a highly specialized shape (hip bones, vertebrae)

Short Bones

more of a cube shaped bone, more wide than long (wrist and ankles)

Shoulder Blade

scapula, flat, appendicular

Collar Bone

clavicle, flat, appendicular

Breast Bone

sternum, flat, axial

Shin

tibia, long, appendicular

Heel

calcaneous, short, appendicular

Knee Cap

patella, sesamoid, appendicular

Palm of Hand

metacarpals, long, appendicular

Wrist

carpals, short, appendicular

Tail Bone

coccyx, irregular, axial

Hip Bone

pelvis, irregular, appendicular

Mandible and Maxilla

bones in the skull in which teeth are located

Temporal Bone

where the external auditory meatus opening is locate

Wormian Bones

extra bones located within sutures of the skull

Mastoid Process

prominent bone projection located posterior to the ear

Fontanels

“soft spots” allowed for compression of the fetal skull during childbirth and the growth of the brain

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

Osteoclats

bone destroying cells (clean up)

Red Marrow Function

hematopoetsis (red blood cell formation)

Yellow Marrow Function

energy reserve through fat

Axial Skeleton

skull, spine, chest, and rib cage

Appendicular Skeleton

arms, legs, clavicle, scapula, and pelvis/hip

Arrangement of Vertebrae

cervical (7), thoracic (12), and lumbar (5)

Fibrous Joint

immovable joint (cranial structures, teeth)

Synovial Joint

freely movable joint (elbow, knee shoulder)

Cartilaginous Joint

slightly movable joint (inter