exam 3 review

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

Involuntary, no striations, uninucleate

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

Involuntary, striated, uninucleate

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

Voluntary, striated, multinucleate

What is contractility?

Ability to shorten, never pushes

What is elasticity?

Recoil ability, go back to original position

What is extensibility?

Stretch ability without damaging tissue

What is excitability?

Responding to stimuli, activation ability

What is acetylcholine (ACh)?

Neurotransmitter for muscle fibers, activates sarcolemma

What is actin?

Thin, troponin, tropomyosin, I band

What is myosin?

Thick, heads, power stroke

What is sarcolemma?

Plasma membrane, muscle fibers

What is endomysium?

Covering for muscle fibers, areolar CT

What is perimysium?

Covering, fascicles, dense irregular CT

What is epimysium?

Covering, entire muscle, dense irregular CT

What is a sarcomere?

Functional unit, myofibrils

What is the A band?

Dark part, H zone, zone of overlap, sarcomere

What is the H zone?

Thick, myosin, 'heavy' part, sarcomere

What is the I band?

Thin only, actin, sarcomere

What are Z discs?

Ends/beginning, sarcomere

What is the M line?

Supportive proteins, H zone, middle

What is the overload principle?

Gaining/building muscle, fatigue

What is the cross-bridge cycle?

Calcium, troponin, tropomyosin, actin, myosin

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

Sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin

What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

Synapse, motor neuron, ACh, action potentials

What is an action potential?

NMJ, neurons, depolarize, repolarize, RMP

What is a fascicle?

Group, perimysium, muscle fibers

What is a T-tubule?

Attached to sarcolemma, communication

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

Release calcium, troponin

What are muscle fibers?

Cells, endomysium, sarcolemma

What is troponin?

Calcium, actin, tropomyosin

What is tropomyosin?

Myosin-binding sites, actin, troponin

What is calcium?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum, contraction, troponin

What are myofibrils?

Proteins, muscle cells, sarcomere

What is a motor unit?

Neuromuscular junctions, connectivity

What is isotonic?

Length change, contraction

What is isometric?

No length change, deadlifts

What is muscle tone?

Constant stimulation, slight contraction

What is concentric?

Isotonic, shortening

What is eccentric?

Isotonic, elongating

What is a twitch?

One action potential, latent, contraction, relaxation

What is the latent period?

Sarcolemma excitation, sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is the contraction period?

Troponin with calcium, cross-bridge cycle

What is the relaxation period?

Troponin without calcium, original position

What is summation?

Multiple action potentials, frequency

What are fast glycolytic fibers?

Fatigable, quick powerful actions

What are fast oxidative fibers?

Slightly fatigable, anaerobic or aerobic

What are slow oxidative fibers?

Cellular respiration, slow but steady, fatigue resistant

What is myoglobin?

Holding oxygen, aerobic exercise

What is sarcopenia?

Age associated, loss of cells

What is the frontalis muscle?

Frontal bone, eyebrows

What is the orbicularis oculi muscle?

Eyes, closes eyelids

What is the zygomaticus muscle?

Corners of mouth, smiling

What is the orbicularis oris muscle?

Circles mouth, closes lips

What is the mentalis muscle?

Wrinkles chin

What is the buccinator muscle?

Sucks in cheeks

What is the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Turns head laterally

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

Infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

What are the internal intercostals?

Exhalation, condenses thoracic cage

What are the external intercostals?

Inhalation, expands thoracic cage

What is the deltoid muscle?

Shoulder, arm abduction

What is the trapezius muscle?

Scapula, shrugging

What is the latissimus dorsi muscle?

Arm adduction, arm extension

What is the pectoralis major muscle?

Arm flexion

What is the biceps brachii muscle?

Forearm/elbow flexion

What is the triceps brachii muscle?

Forearm/elbow extension

What is the palmaris longus muscle?

Flex hand and fingers, not present in all people

What are the quadriceps muscles?

Thigh flexion, knee extension

What are the hamstrings?

Thigh extension, knee flexion

What is the sartorius muscle?

Longest muscle, thigh flexion

What is the gluteus maximus muscle?

Largest muscle, thigh extension

What is the tibialis anterior muscle?

Dorsiflexion

What are the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles?

Plantar flexion, achilles tendon

What is an aponeurosis?

Sheet, indirect attachment

What is a tendon?

Rope-like, indirect attachment

What is the origin?

Starting point, non-moving

What is the insertion?

Ending point, moving portion

What are agonists?

Main movers of a movement

What are antagonists?

Muscles that do the opposite of the agonist, activated while agonist is inactive

What are synergists?

Helpers of main movers, usually around main mover

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

Brain and spinal cord, interneurons, integration

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Outside of brain and spinal cord, sensory and motor neurons

What are astrocytes?

CNS, monitor, blood brain barrier

What are microglia?

CNS, immune cells, phagocytosis

What are ependymal cells?

CNS, cerebrospinal fluid

What are oligodendrocytes?

CNS, myelin, multiple axons

What are satellite cells?

PNS, monitoring, astrocyte-like

What are Schwann cells?

PNS, myelin, one area of axon

What are neurons?

Thinking, action potentials

What is the soma (or cell body)?

Nucleus, neuron, control center

What are dendrites?

Listening, receptors, neurons

What is an axon?

Track for action potentials, myelin

What is the axon hillock?

Create action potentials, soma to axon

What are axon terminals?

Neurotransmitters, calcium, NMJ

What are myelin sheaths?

Insulation, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

What are nodes of Ranvier?

Gaps between myelin, strengthening action potentials

What are afferent neurons?

Sensory, PNS, unipolar

What are interneurons?

CNS, integration, multipolar

What are efferent neurons?

PNS, motor, multipolar

What are unipolar neurons?

One process, sensory neurons, structural

What are bipolar neurons?

Smell and vision, two processes