bio midterm

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

126

Parts that make up the appendicular skeleton

The pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, the upper and lower limbs.

The Pectoral girdle consists of

The clavicle and scapula

Clavicle

Collar bone that attaches to the sternum and scapula.

Scapula

Shoulder blade that attaches to the clavicle and upper limb bone.

What forms the shoulder?

head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

Pelvic Girdle is composed of

Two os coxa

Each os coxa has?

Allium, Ischium and Pubic bone

The ilium attaches to

The sacrum at the iliac crest.

What joins the 2 pubic bones

Pubic symphysis

Joints of the pelvic girdle

The sacroiliac joint, pubic symphsis, acetabulum

What is the acetabulum?

The socket that attaches to the head of the femur.

Parts of the arm( upper limb)

Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals and phalanges.

Parts of the leg (lower limbs)

Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, Tarsals, Calcaneous, Metatarsals and plalanges

What makes up the integumentary system?

Skin, Hair, Glands, Nails, Nerves

The skin consists of:

The Dermis and Epidermis

Characteristic of the Epidermis

-Made up of keratinized Squamous epithelium
-Made up of epithelial tissues from the ectoderm.
-Avascular
-Has thick and thin skin.

The Layers of the Epidermis

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

statum basale

Bottom layer of the epidermis that is made of melanocyte and keratinocytes and gets its nutrients from the blood.

stratum spinosum

Epidermis Layer that's several layers thick and has limited cell division happening.

stratum granulosum

Epidermis layer that is 3-5 layers with dark granules and no blood supply.

Stratum Lucidium

epidermis layer with 2-3 flat, dead cell layers that's very apparent in thick skin.

stratum corneum

The glycolipid outermost layer of the epidermis that protects and retains moisture.

Thin SKin

Layer of the skin that has hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands.

Thick Skin

Has no hair follicles, no hair or sebaceous glands, found on the palm or sole of feet.

Characteristics of the Dermis

-Made of connective tissue proper.
-Consists of fibroblasts, fibrocytes and matrix.

The Two layers of the Dermis

The reticular layer and the papillary layer.

The Papillary Layer

Vascular layer of the dermis made of loose, areolar connective tissue and has dermal papillae and dermal ridges.

dermal papillae

Upward fingerlike extensions that go in the epidermis.

dermal ridges

Structure below the dermal papillae that forms finger prints and has sweat pores.

The Reticular Layer

Furthest layer that's made of dense irregular tissue that makes up most of the dermis.

What forms after the dermis is torn and white scars (striae) forms?

Stretch Marks

Structures in the Dermis

Hair follicles, Sebaceous and Sudireferous glands, Sensory receptors and Arrector Pili Muscles

Contraction of erector pili forms

Goosebumps

Hypodermis

the connective tissue layer under the dermis that stores fat. and

Where in the skin is Melanin found

Between the stratum basale and Stratum Spinosum.

Structures derived from the epidermis

Hair, Nails and Exocrine glands (sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous and mammary)

Characteristics of Hair

-Made of dead keratinized cells.
-Hair shaft is above skin surface.
-Hair root is below skin surface.

hair follicle

sac within which each hair grows

hair papilla

Small piece of dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb.

root hair plexus

Hair nerve ending

Nails are made of

keratinized epidermal cells found in the stratum corneum

sebaceous glands

Gland that produces sebum/oil to lubricate the hair and skin.

ceruminous glands

Modified sweat glands that makes ear wax.

mammary glands

Modified sweat glands that produces milk.

suderiferous glands

Gland that produces sweat, which cools the body, works as antibiotic( lysozyme) and removes waste.

cutaneous sense receptors

Nerve endings found in the skin that respond to stimuli.

touch receptors

Nerve endings that detect touch on your skin

Example of touch receptors

Meissner's corpuscles

pressure receptors

Nerve endings that respond to pressure on your skin.

Example of Pressure receptors

Pacinian corpules

Thermoreceptors

Nerve endings that detects cold and hot.

Nociceptors

Nerve endings that detect pain

frontal bone

Name this bone.

parietal bone

Name this bone.

temporal bone

Name this bone.

occipital bone

Name this bone.

sphenoid bone

Name this bone.

ethmoid bone

Name this bone.

mandible

Name this bone.

maxilla

Name this bone.

palatine bone

Name this bone.

zygomatic bone

Name this bone.

lacrimal bone

Name this bone.

nasal bone

Name this bone.

vomer

Name this bone.

sagittal suture

Name the structure.

coronal suture

Name the structure.

lambdoidal suture

Name the structure.

squamous suture

Name the structure.

external auditory meatus

Name this opening.

mastoid process

Name the structure.

zygomatic arch

Name the structure.

styloid process

Name the structure.

sella turcica

Name the structure.

occipital condyle

Name the structure.

zygomatic process of temporal bone

Name the structure.

foramen magnum

Name this opening. BONUS

foramen ovale

Name this opening. BONUS

foramen spinosum

Name this opening. BONUS

foramen lacerum

Name this opening. BONUS

jugular foramen

Name this opening. BONUS

carotid canal

Name this opening. BONUS

sacrum

Name this bone.

coccyx

Name this bone.

spinous process

Name the structure.

vertebral foramen

Name this opening.

transverse process

Name the structure.

atlas

Name the bone.

axis

Name the bone.

dens

Name the structure.

hyoid bone

Name the bone.

manubrium

Name this bone.

body of the sternum (gladiolus)

Name this bone.

xiphoid process

Name the structure.

auditory ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes

Function of the hyoid bone

Attach muscles of the tongue, neck and pharynx.

Each vertebral column has

A body, Lamina, Pedicle, Vertebral arch, Vertebral foramen, Spinous process, transverse process, superior and inferior articular processes.

5 Regions of the Vertebral column

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

How many vertebrae in the cervical region

7