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BL: which king were Huguenots fleeing
Louis XIV
BL: Irish weavers came to Spitalfields in the 1730s seeking work after
the linen industry collapsed
When was La Neuve Eglise built?
1743--
what did BL become known as because of silk weavers
‘Weaver Town’
Londoners develop taste for silk, allowing Huguenots to build large and distinct housing-- what happened next?
newly prosperous Huguenots left BL for suburbs
Who took the place of Huguenots
Eastern European Jews - aftermath of assassination of Tsar in 1881, jews fled by million
Former church of Huguenots become Synagogue in 1897
by 1930s, most of Jewish community had left for
leafier suburbs, exit hastened by war
end of ww2 brought who to BL
Muslims from Bangladesh who had served in UKs merchant navy
Bengali muslims generally had poor english language skills
Today BL is curry capital fo London
in 1976, 59 Brick Lane changed purpose again
former Huguenot Church, synagogue, became Brick Lane Jamme Masjid - Great mosque
in 2010- 29m minaret style tower added
newest change: gentrification - hipster cafes and cereal only cafe, pop up shops and bars - living costs rising and unlikely to see more immigrants in future
built environment of BL
previously called WhiteChapel Lane
originally a field in countryside outsie city limits
built environment today developed in 1718-28- houses built by huguenots partially occupied by silk weaving
several floors, lofty attics, terraced housing
socio-economic conditions of BL
new investment from large chain companies- Premier INn invested £21.4m- raised fears of ‘sanitisation’ of Brick lane and spitalfields - epople once attracted for individuality now put off.
Cereal Kilelr Cafe shut down-- some poeple feared it was gentrification, will lead to loss of community
others argue it is naturl diversification - protestors have no right to attack independent stores
independent shops bigger issue is property creep
Second Home
offers rentable space to start-ups
The Hatch
big increase in these venues since the East London Tech city plan released by DC in 2010- gave tax breaks to companies looking to locate int he area
knowledge economy
wealth creating activities that gather, store and analyse knowledge, such as manufacturing, finance, telecoms, education and health
could lead to more young workers in BL
demographic of BL
most common age group- 25-29
not many retirees
SPitalfields and Banglatown- 41% Bangladeshi, 27% WB
compared to 81% WB average nationally
cultural characteristics BL
41.5% muslim, compared to 5% nationally
18.4% chritian, compared to 59.4% nationally
political characteristic BL
strong labour voting tradition
anti-establishment
political graffiti
voted RESPECT party in 2004-- protest war in Iraq
Past connections Brick Lane
demographic- waves of immigration- huguenots, jews, muslim bangladeshis
built environ- huguenot silk weaving buildings, church est
socio-econ- gentrificaiton recently
political- 2004 vote for respect
connections to British Empire- immigrants more likey to be of these nationalities
connected to rest of london- good transport links
SE asia-- mass immigration, remittance flows, second gen migrants
present connections BL
built environ- filled with independent stores, over 20 curry houses, on average 3 stories high - residences further up
political- still labour dominated, strong local resistance to development
socio-econ- recently opened up to devlopment, premier inn
demographic- prevailing young
natural- little green space
when did apartheid begin
1948- prevented interracal marriage, made black people aliens in their own country, legally est white as superior - had white onyl zones and infrastructure- ANC oppose, Nelson Mandela elected and aparhteid ends in 1990
District 6- past
eclectic mix of cultures- first a dutch colony, slavery operated here.
Port at Cape Town globally significant- brought a range of people
1948- separate communities act- declared a white area and District 6 expelled of native poeple
how many families in D6 before removals
1700-1900
how many people relocated to Cape Flats
60,000
how far away are cape flats from d6
25km
population of D6 in 1985
3500- mostly middle class, white
1600 scheduled to return from 2004, only 135 homes actually come back
Cape Technikon takes up
50% of space.. onyl 42 Ha left to build on/150
Culture in D6
past- residents of D6 mostly traders, immigrants, and freed slaves
influx of jews brought new traditions
immigration of freed slaves from Caribbean
many different religions and traditions celebrated - range of religions
present- jazz and lanagarm music
influenced by global toursist- 28mill in 2016
influneced by empire, remnants of apartheid still rpesent
political characteristics in D6
past- apartheid laws, 1948.. demolished after 1950 group areas act
imperial rule-- little political control
ANC leading party, since Mandela in 1994- social democratic
present- republic, ‘Hands off D6 Committee’’ dont want redevelopment
Demographics
past- different ethnicities during colonisation
dutch then british colony
1985-- mostly white
present-- still mostly hite middle class
median age now 36, 74% white
only 10% black
Natural environment in D6
PAST- no green spaces, dense housing pre white area only act in 1966
now- many green spaces-- wasteland
42 Ha left to develop on, lots of grass and open spaces,
socio-economic characteristics of D6
Forced removals of black and coloured people from central urban areas to create 'White Only Areas' under the Group Areas Act in 1950
District 6 is an almost vacant lot, with very little cultural identity.
Recent private construction firms has invested in the area - gentrification, new houses and apartments eg: Kalam construction firm
Investment from government
Tourism - 60,000 a year visit the district 6 museum
Nearby ports creating connections elsewhere
Built environment in D6
past- areas of D6 remained undeveloped on as testament to Apartheid
present- University of Technology dominates built environment in an area that would have orignially been residential
how many toursits visit cape town/ year
18.8million
shifting flows
money, resources, ideas, people
how many epopel visit d6 museum annually
60k, 50k international toursits
space can accordingly be perceived differently by different people
Alcatraz- san fran, 336 prisoners max, usually 250ish
life for prison guards- place of safety, family live there, hade their own soda fountain shop, left doors unlocked.. had to limit some aspects fo life- e.g. knifes, razors, magazines, described as novel.. close knit
prisoners- some hated-- complained of conditions and harsh treatments, others prefered because it had strict one cell policy, clean
native americans- culturally signifciant, occupied in 1969.. used to be owned by first nation Ohlone people- occupied to take a stand agaonst why 500+ treaties had been dishonoured.. lived without food, shelter for 19 months until Nixon announced new legislation
how emotional attachemnt influences bheaviours in a place
Twin Towers-
used for admin and finance, beacon that represents economic vibrancy
signture of US strength- anyone could identify it in city
testament ot US position at the center of the financial world
icon of corporate capitalism (Anderson, 2010)
9/11
killed 3000, injured over 6000, 10bn in property damage
led to ‘war on terror’- invasion of afghanistan to depose taliban
9/11 memorial
commemorates victims and located on former site of towers
names inscribed in waterfall
pool- loss of life
waterfalls- mute sound of city
400 sweet gum and white oak trees- space of reflection
survivor tree- plucked from debris and replanted 9
9/11 museum
houses artefacts from 9/11
opened 2014
design resembles collapsed building
used to be in little syria- no reference to this
One world trade centre
same name as north tower
height in feet- same as year of us declaration of independence- 1776
visual resemblance
china centre, lots of TNCs
base designed to protect from street level attacks Gro
Ground 0 mosque
proposal for islamic centre
many muslims died in attacks
hoped to rpomote interfaith dialogue
2 blocks from ground 0- controversial
time space compression
The friction of distance is the concept that the length of the journey (distance), and the difficulty of the journey (friction) affects the time needed to complete the journey (time). It can be expressed as follows:
globalisation sped up rapidly in the past few hundred years
places feel closer together than in the past due to eased communication
contianerisation
instead of individually unloading, just drive right on with boxes- would take 8 days both ends, saves time and money
connections
smartphones, social media, airports
TNCs
move for comparative advantage
skilled labour, low costs, materials, less regualiton
international division of labour
massive turnovers
long supply chains, low accountability
time space compression affectong sense of place
some areas in the hubub- benefitting, however may lsoe sense of connection to locality
other isolated areas- feel further away - e.g. norfolk in UK, north england and south west
cultural homogeneity
top 6% of earners in Cambridge take home
..19% of income
bottom 20% of earnes in cambs take home
just 2%
spatial effect of university-
colleges bring in 2.1bn - combined worth of colleges exorbitant nearly 12bn
transport links on edge of city criticised
cambridge science park- silicon fen
clark fisher model
tertiary employment - services- increase
primary- farming decreases
secondary- industry
structural unemployment
outsourcing - research and development in parent countries, labour is internaitonal division of labour
exacerbates inequalityint
in the 1950s, what % of coventry pop was working in car factories
40%- jaguar landrover
two kensingtons
liverpool-45% child poverty
london- £43million houses
in 1952, how much national output was from manufacturing
1/3, employed 40% of workforce
today- accounts for just 10% GDP
global shift
driven by TNCs, first wave- Asian togers in 1960s
structural unemployment
Job losses caused through the change in type of industry in an area, e.g. from manufacturing to services.
true or false- men see higher rates of redundancy than women
true
Men see a much higher redundancy rate than women, for example, especially following the 2008/2009 economic crisis men saw 15/1000 people redundancy rate compared to women who saw rate of 8/1000…. Nearly half the rate of redundancy
gini co-efficient in cambridge
0.46- often think of 0.4 as threshold above which serious social probles startav
average house in cambridge costs ?x mroe than high median wage
13
immense economic growth- in 2017, most rapidly growing for
3rd year in a row
since 2015 ?% increase in food distributions by food bank
50%
10 year estimated life expectancy difference betw
% of homes with no central heating in QE- >1%.. in KH=
11%
what % of workers in cambs are ‘knoweldeg workers’
61%
digital divide in Cambridge-how mnay city council tenants say they dont have internet
nealry 40%- most state it is because they cannot afford it
4/5 ssingle parent families are receiving benefits- what % of spf are headed up by women
90%
8/ 10 top achieving schools in cambridge are?
independent
in QE, less than 8% of children in LI families
in KH- more than 23.5%
Nairobi- it has been estimated that the richest 10 percent of the population of Nairobi accrues 45.2 percent of income,
and the poorest 10 percent only 1.6 percent,” according to a 2009 study on urban poverty by Oxfam.
The Kilimani-Langata road extension that bisects Kibera, estimated to have displaced over
11,500 people and destroyed over 598 structures, including schools and clinics. Of course this road helps alleviate the city’s traffic problem, but does it cause more problems than it will solve?
Khat
cheap drugs- contribute to cycling poverty- stimulant to alleviate frustration with life
in kenya, what % of poepl work in informal employment
80%- highly precarious
One Africa Place
20 store luxury offices
many enormous TNCs have their offices in silicon savannah- google, world bank, mastercard
at least 1/5 people in slums in Kibera are
HIV positive - as much as 50% in slums
less than 1/5 have access to piped water in kibera, compared to
71% in whole city
land use contributes to inequality
central business district
This is the centre for administration; it includes Parliament buildings, the Kenyatta International Conference Centre, commerce and shopping. It was originally established by the British as a major link for trade from the coast and therefore has become a really important economic hub in East Africa. As a result many international migrants work here. Lots of infrastructure remains from British
middle income residential
The southern sector of middle class housing was originally built for Asians who worked in the adjacent industrial zone. Proximity to work was key.
high income residential
Wealthy European colonists, and latterly affluent Asians immigrants live on these higher altitudes. Here in Nairobi Hill, Westlands and Highridge, the climate is cooler and the distance from the swampy malaria ridden land of the city below provides a much more pleasant quality of life. Demographics were originally decided by race (past colonialism kept wealthy whites and poorer Kenyan populations apart); today wealth is the biggest factor. It includes parks and a golf course.
shanty settlements / slum
Inadequate provision of housing by the government, rapid urbanisation and a corrupt land allocation process (complete disregard for regulations and planning standards) led to the emergence of many squatter settlements. These settlements have grown up away from the CBD on land that had previously been considered marginal and unusable: the swampy, narrow floodplains of the Rivers Mathare and Ngong. It is also within easy access of the industrial area, to allow economic opportunity. By 1993, informal settlements housed about 55 per cent of the city’s population. In Nairobi the main zones of poor housing are Mathare Valley, Kariobangi and Kibera.
low income residential
The eastern part of the city is generally flat land with black cotton soils, which tend to swell and shrink with cycles of heat and moisture, making it poor for foundations, and less attractive to residential development. However, these areas include flats, 3-5 storeys in height and council built, and former shanty settlements to which the council has added a water supply, sewerage and electricity to. These ‘Eastlands’ predominantly home the African working class.
site and service scheme housing
Dandora, home to over 120,000 people, owes its being to the government led ‘site and services’ scheme begun in 1977. This scheme encouraged local people to become involved in self-help projects. The council provided basic amenities and at a cheap price, building materials. People bought plots of land and built up houses. The council then installed a tap and a toilet in each courtyard and added electricity and roads to the estate. Whilst this was a good idea in theory the quality of houses is poor and it is located next to Nairobi’s rubbish dump. The living environment is therefore relatively poor.
reducing inequality: progressive taxation
more a person earns the more tax they pay as a percentage - to reduce income inequality, reduce the economic strain on low income households
The progressive taxation system retains incentive to attain higher paying jobs
Up to 12.57k no tax, any income between 12.57 and 50.27 is taxed at 20% and any higher at 40%
is this enough and does it encourage people t simply move abroad
pupil premiums
Money given to schools by the government to improve the attainment rates of disadvantaged children
Schools use this money to afford one to ones or small group activities for these children, fund trips, and provide music lessons
Given 1.3k for each child who has received free school meals in the last 6 years
£1900 per child who has been under local authority care for more than one day
however can be spent however school sees fit-- does it miss children just above threshold?
reducing inequality- levelling up
Aims to increase funding outside the South East, give areas outside London more autonomy over local investment and reduce regional social inequality
ncrease funding outside the South East by 40%
Have 22,000 civil servants outside of London by end of the decade.
NOT BEEN ACHIEVED YET-- SOME RESISTANCE
enforcing inequality- uneven transport investment
n 2016 the Conservative government analysis found that over the next four years the gov't will only spend £280 per person in the North of England compared to £1870 per person in London
reinforcing inequality rising uni costs
The cost of tuition is increasing as well as interest on tuition fees and maintenance which leaves a longer financial shadow on young people, creates a bigger gap in socio-economic divide as poorer families can't afford to go to university
Student loan debt in 2017 was £76bn in 2017 compared to £34bn in 2011
cuts to NHS- reinforcing inequality
gp funding cut, nhs ordered to cut 22bn by 2020 but no direction where - waiting list increase-- affects those who cannot afford private the most
role of gov’t in cambs
Anti Poverty strategy- spent 1,6mill on targeted initiatives
Living Wage campaign- increased number of employers accredited to 75, incl ARU - £1 more an hour
CAB funded to run outreach programme- supporting those experiencing mental health issues as a result of financial debt issues at GP surgeries
council constructed 162 new affordable homes as part of new affordable programme
ahve paid rent for foodbank
An estimated £6.3m of Government and City Council funding was used to providing 6500 residents in Cambridge a council tax reduction in 2016. Following the abolition of Council Tax Benefit by the national government, the Council introduced its own local Council Tax Reduction scheme in April 2013 to protect as many vulnerable people as possible from reductions in council tax support and ensure that they do not have to find extra money towards their Council Tax at a time of other cuts in welfare benefits.
govenrment decreasing inequality in cambs- cbg north
in chesterton- 50 mill, howeevr could price out locals
govenmrent reinforcing inequality in Nairobi- charities
quite simply act as if kibera doesnt exist. dont allow charities to help… think it will encourage more to live there
prevent social mobility and endorce poverty- maintains negative status quor
reinforcing inequality in Nairobi- demolitions
building anew major road - will decrese congestion in centre but will demolish 10 schools in slums, homes, churches,
tried to do site and service scheme housing- miserable failure
EU influencing economic change- player
biggest trader partenr, also criticisms that it preveneted dealings with china and emerging players
single market- flows of people, goods, services ad capital improved - no tariffs
restrictions and checks- have to meet eu standards
funded research and farming
MNCs,
MNCs- operate in multiple countries - international division of labour… huge incomes- apple, more gdp than Portugal
footloose- control terms of negotiations , can move for comparative advantage
IMF and World Bank
IMF- foster monetary co-operation… facilitate internaitonal trade, promote high employment and sustainable econ growth
money from member states- pay proportionally
World Bank- aim to end extreme poverty, reduce number of poeple living on >1.90$ a day to no more than 3%
promote economic growth in bottom 40%
invest in education, health, infrastructure
player
an individual or organisation with an interest and/or influence in actions, decisions or operations. Places are influenced by a range of players operating at different scales.
structural economic change in Birmingham
1166- de Bermingham family purchases royal charter to hold a market
Matthew Boulton- key player in moving industrial base of the town forward. Established the first factory in the world in 1761, bringing 700 employees under one roof.
19th century - brought industrial growth, the gun, jewellery, button and brass industries dominated.
Cadbury factory sets up Bourneville village and factory for workers on south east side of the city
Midland Terminus of Railway from London to Birmingham was opened in 1883.
Engineering industries began to develop, including the Austin Car plant, which opened 1906.
1917- Dunlop tyre company, founded in Birmingham, established a large factory, employing 10,000 people.
1950s Birmingham
secondary employment in metalworks key- employs half of population
overwhelmingly white ethnic origin- employment dominated by men- 60% in skilled jobs
from 50s, increasing in migration internationally to inner city areas
how did external forces influence economic change in Birmingham in the second half of the 20th century
Birmingham was caught up in the global recession of the 1970s, in which the oil crisis of 1973 was the most significant. Arab-Israeli war meant oil prices soared as a result of trade embargo. Birmingham's traditional industries were struggling as a result of competition from TNCs abroad who had cheaper production costs. By the 70s, Britain's vehicle industry was in decline as foreign based TNCs began to dominate the English market, particularly from Japan. Central government gave grants that influenced foreign factories to establish factories, but not in the midlands. Strikes were common in the 70s and managers and their unions were key players involved in the decline of the affected industries, making Birmingham less attractive to potential investors. Small and medium sized enterprises had made up Birmingham's manufacturing industry,
socio-economic in B before economic change
Large areas of terraced housing to accommodate workers who commuted short distances to factories. Development of a middle class.
Inner city areas comprised of low quality, high density housing such as in Aston and Handworth. A prosperous city for most of the 50s and 60s, with unemployment below 1%
largest socio-econ change
Industrial decline in the 70s and 80s led to vast unemployment. As manufacturing was increasingly outsourced to foreign companies where labour was cheaper, the traditional industries such as metalworks that had comprised the economic structure of the midlands disappeared, and the factories that had employed vast proportions of workers shut. The global recession of the 1970s coupled with the trade embargo on oil added impetus to the already struggling industries here.
led to strikes, unemplyment-19.4% in 1982
cultural birmingham now
- Increase in number of mosques and temples in the urban environment
-Ethnic food shops established
-Birmingham is much more ethnically diverse than wider England. In 2011, 53.1% of people living in Birmingham identified as White British, compared to 79.8% in England. In Birmingham, 13.5% of people were Pakistani, compared to 2.1% in England.
environemtnal birmingham
before- Birmingham was highly industrialised. Cramped terraced housing dominated the inner city, and pollution from factories was high in surrounding rivers and air.
during/after- 400 tower blocks constructed, construction fo a green belt has prevented urban sprawl
rebranding
developments aimed at changing negative perceptions of a place making more attractive for investment.
why did B’ham need rebranding?
industrial decline- contraction in CBD, poorly constructed post war buildings age poorly - discourage investment
Placemaking
is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces. It is about improving people’s lives and about how society and the environment will benefit.
BIG CITY PLAN <3
Launched- 2010
covers 20 years
predicted cost- £10bn
will make city core +25% larger
5000 new homes, 50k new jobs
should bring 2bn to centre every year
new and enhanced cycling and walking routes-28km