radiology final exam

cathode

cathode

source of electrons and directs them toward the anode

anode

serves as a target for the electrons and draws heat from target area

___% is heat and ___% is x-ray

99 ; 1

the anode is

positive

the cathode is

negative

what type of radiation are x-rays

electromagnetic

mAs controls the number of

electrons produced

kVp controls _____ of electrons across the tube

acceleration

what determines the grid ratio for an x-ray machine

the height of the lead strips in the grid compared to the width of space between them

for a lateral view:

place marker dorsal or ventral indicating the side (closest/farthest) from the table top

closest

VD/DV

place the market to indicate the

left or right side of the patient

Craniocaudal etc.

place marker on _____ aspect of limb indicating left or right

lateral

lateral view to position rads on screen:

head on viewers ____; _____ aspect towards the top of the view box

left; dorsal

DV/VD - position rads on screen:

head towards ___ of view box; left on viewers ____

top; right

bone and joint rads- position on screen

____ aspect toward top of view box; ___ on viewer’s right

proximal ; left

anode heel effect

variation in number of x-rays

if SID decreases →

anode heel effect increases

X-ray field size ____ → anode heel effect increases

increase

_____ decreases → anode heel effect increases

anode angle

magnification

when anatomy is not positioned as close to image receptor as possible

foreshortening

anatomy is not positioned as close to image receptor as possible and is not parallel with image receptor

elongation

x-ray beam not properly centered

what type of geometric distortion is this

magnification

what type of geometric distortion is this

foreshortening

what type of geometric distortion is this

elongation

what technical error is most common

motion

3 rules for ALARA

time -

distance -

shielding -

shortest

greatest

maximum

PPE protects you from what

secondary and scatter radiation only

SID is always

40 inches

what type of view

lateral view

radiographic density

darkness or brightness of a given area on a film

radiographic contrast

difference in radiographic density between two areas on a film

highest to lowest radiographic densities

air/gas

fat

soft tissue

bone

metal

radiographic contrast (highest to lowest)

metal

bone

soft tissue

bone

air

the relationship between tissue density and radiographic density is

indirect

mAs controls

density

kVp controls

contrast

relationship between tissue density and radiographic contrast is

direct

image too bright - tissues penetrated -

increase mAS

would you (increase/decrease) (mAs/kVp)

increase mAs

film too bright - tissues not penetrated

increase kVp

image too dark - tissues penetrated too much

decrease mAs

image too dark - tissues penetrated the right amount

decrease kVp

would you (increase/decrease) (mAs/kVp) (tissues are not overpenetrated)

decrease mAs

would you (increase/decrease) (mAs/kVp)

increase kVp

would you (increase/decrease) (mAs/kVp)

decrease kVp

purpose of technique charts

eliminates retakes

subtract ___ kVp for each cm thickness less than 9cm

2

add 2 kVp for each increase in cm thickness up to

80 kVp

if less than 10 cm - place image receptor

on tabletop

if 10 cm or greater - place image receptor

in bucky

sante’s rule

kVp = (2 X tissue thickness cm) + SID

if trying to find mAs when given mA

multiply by seconds

multiply by grid ratio after what thickness

after 9cm

for thorax chart

divide abdominal mAs by half

for skull and extremities chart

double abdominal mAs

what can you not see in a thoracic rad unless abnormal

esophagus

lymph nodes

the ___ lung fields are fully visible only on the right lateral view

left

the right lung lobes are only visible on the

left lateral view

standard 2 - view (thoracic)

R lateral

VD

cardiac 3 - view

DV

VD

lateral

lung 3 - view

R lateral

L lateral

VD

thorax lateral view centering

caudal to scapula

thoracic lateral view

collimation

thoracic inlet to last rib

entire dorsal and ventral aspect

centering for thoracic VD view

caudal to scapula

collimation for VD thoracic view

thoracic inlet to last rib

take thoracic films on peak

inspiration

only visible if abnormal - abdominal rads

gallbladder

adrenal glands

lymph nodes

pacreas

ureters

urethra

summation

overlap of two structures radiographically

standard abdominal 2 view

lateral

VD

vomiting 3 view

R lateral

L lateral

VD

GDV. 1 view

L lateral

Male urinary tract 3 view

lateral

lateral - flexed

VD

lateral - abdominal

centering

caudal to last rib

lateral abdominal collimation

cranial to xiphoid process

caudal to greater femoral trochanters

VD abdominal centering

caudal to last rib

collimation VD abdominal

cranial to xiphoid process

caudal to greater femoral trochanters

take abdominal films on peak

expiration

bones and joints in dorsal recumbency

scapula, scapulohumeral joint, humerus

pelvis, coxofemoral joint, femur

pelvis standard 2 view

VD extended

lateral

trauma 2 view - pelvis

VD frog leg

lateral

centering - pelvis

VD extended

midline at ischiatic tuberosities

VD extended pelvis collimation

cranial - wings of ilium

caudal - stifles

what view is this

VD extended of the pelvis

VD frog leg

centering

midline at ischiatic tuberosities

collimation

VD frog leg

cranial - wing of ilium

caudal - mid-diaphysis of femur

what view is this

VD frog-leg

centering

lateral view of pelvis

midline over greater femoral trochanters

collimation

lateral view of pelvis

cranial - wing of ilium

caudal - ischiatic tuberosities

what view is this

lateral pelvis

shallow acetabulum, flat femoral head, thick femoral neck, displacement of femoral head, increase in joint space width are signs of

hip dysplasia

standard body cavity view - bird

lateral

VD

wing 2 view

mediolateral

caudocranial

VD view

body cavity (bird)

centering

midline over keel

mediolateral view

centering

midline between body wall and tip of wing

caudocranial view

centering

midway between scapulohumeral joint and metacarpals

standard views - mammals

Lateral

DV

lateral view - small mammal

centering

caudal to xiphoid process

DV small mammal

centering

midline caudal to xiphoid process

turtle standard 3 view

Lateral with horizontal bean

DV

craniocaudal