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cathode
source of electrons and directs them toward the anode
anode
serves as a target for the electrons and draws heat from target area
___% is heat and ___% is x-ray
99 ; 1
the anode is
positive
the cathode is
negative
what type of radiation are x-rays
electromagnetic
mAs controls the number of
electrons produced
kVp controls _____ of electrons across the tube
acceleration
what determines the grid ratio for an x-ray machine
the height of the lead strips in the grid compared to the width of space between them
for a lateral view:
place marker dorsal or ventral indicating the side (closest/farthest) from the table top
closest
VD/DV
place the market to indicate the
left or right side of the patient
Craniocaudal etc.
place marker on _____ aspect of limb indicating left or right
lateral
lateral view to position rads on screen:
head on viewers ____; _____ aspect towards the top of the view box
left; dorsal
DV/VD - position rads on screen:
head towards ___ of view box; left on viewers ____
top; right
bone and joint rads- position on screen
____ aspect toward top of view box; ___ on viewer’s right
proximal ; left
anode heel effect
variation in number of x-rays
if SID decreases →
anode heel effect increases
X-ray field size ____ → anode heel effect increases
increase
_____ decreases → anode heel effect increases
anode angle
magnification
when anatomy is not positioned as close to image receptor as possible
foreshortening
anatomy is not positioned as close to image receptor as possible and is not parallel with image receptor
elongation
x-ray beam not properly centered
what type of geometric distortion is this
magnification
what type of geometric distortion is this
foreshortening
what type of geometric distortion is this
elongation
what technical error is most common
motion
3 rules for ALARA
time -
distance -
shielding -
shortest
greatest
maximum
PPE protects you from what
secondary and scatter radiation only
SID is always
40 inches
what type of view
lateral view
radiographic density
darkness or brightness of a given area on a film
radiographic contrast
difference in radiographic density between two areas on a film
highest to lowest radiographic densities
air/gas
fat
soft tissue
bone
metal
radiographic contrast (highest to lowest)
metal
bone
soft tissue
bone
air
the relationship between tissue density and radiographic density is
indirect
mAs controls
density
kVp controls
contrast
relationship between tissue density and radiographic contrast is
direct
image too bright - tissues penetrated -
increase mAS
would you (increase/decrease) (mAs/kVp)
increase mAs
film too bright - tissues not penetrated
increase kVp
image too dark - tissues penetrated too much
decrease mAs
image too dark - tissues penetrated the right amount
decrease kVp
would you (increase/decrease) (mAs/kVp) (tissues are not overpenetrated)
decrease mAs
would you (increase/decrease) (mAs/kVp)
increase kVp
would you (increase/decrease) (mAs/kVp)
decrease kVp
purpose of technique charts
eliminates retakes
subtract ___ kVp for each cm thickness less than 9cm
2
add 2 kVp for each increase in cm thickness up to
80 kVp
if less than 10 cm - place image receptor
on tabletop
if 10 cm or greater - place image receptor
in bucky
sante’s rule
kVp = (2 X tissue thickness cm) + SID
if trying to find mAs when given mA
multiply by seconds
multiply by grid ratio after what thickness
after 9cm
for thorax chart
divide abdominal mAs by half
for skull and extremities chart
double abdominal mAs
what can you not see in a thoracic rad unless abnormal
esophagus
lymph nodes
the ___ lung fields are fully visible only on the right lateral view
left
the right lung lobes are only visible on the
left lateral view
standard 2 - view (thoracic)
R lateral
VD
cardiac 3 - view
DV
VD
lateral
lung 3 - view
R lateral
L lateral
VD
thorax lateral view centering
caudal to scapula
thoracic lateral view
collimation
thoracic inlet to last rib
entire dorsal and ventral aspect
centering for thoracic VD view
caudal to scapula
collimation for VD thoracic view
thoracic inlet to last rib
take thoracic films on peak
inspiration
only visible if abnormal - abdominal rads
gallbladder
adrenal glands
lymph nodes
pacreas
ureters
urethra
summation
overlap of two structures radiographically
standard abdominal 2 view
lateral
VD
vomiting 3 view
R lateral
L lateral
VD
GDV. 1 view
L lateral
Male urinary tract 3 view
lateral
lateral - flexed
VD
lateral - abdominal
centering
caudal to last rib
lateral abdominal collimation
cranial to xiphoid process
caudal to greater femoral trochanters
VD abdominal centering
caudal to last rib
collimation VD abdominal
cranial to xiphoid process
caudal to greater femoral trochanters
take abdominal films on peak
expiration
bones and joints in dorsal recumbency
scapula, scapulohumeral joint, humerus
pelvis, coxofemoral joint, femur
pelvis standard 2 view
VD extended
lateral
trauma 2 view - pelvis
VD frog leg
lateral
centering - pelvis
VD extended
midline at ischiatic tuberosities
VD extended pelvis collimation
cranial - wings of ilium
caudal - stifles
what view is this
VD extended of the pelvis
VD frog leg
centering
midline at ischiatic tuberosities
collimation
VD frog leg
cranial - wing of ilium
caudal - mid-diaphysis of femur
what view is this
VD frog-leg
centering
lateral view of pelvis
midline over greater femoral trochanters
collimation
lateral view of pelvis
cranial - wing of ilium
caudal - ischiatic tuberosities
what view is this
lateral pelvis
shallow acetabulum, flat femoral head, thick femoral neck, displacement of femoral head, increase in joint space width are signs of
hip dysplasia
standard body cavity view - bird
lateral
VD
wing 2 view
mediolateral
caudocranial
VD view
body cavity (bird)
centering
midline over keel
mediolateral view
centering
midline between body wall and tip of wing
caudocranial view
centering
midway between scapulohumeral joint and metacarpals
standard views - mammals
Lateral
DV
lateral view - small mammal
centering
caudal to xiphoid process
DV small mammal
centering
midline caudal to xiphoid process
turtle standard 3 view
Lateral with horizontal bean
DV
craniocaudal
Note
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