FUNGI

Kingdom fungi

a kingdom a of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, such as mushrooms and molds, that have a cell wall containing chitin; classified under Domain Eukarya.

Kingdom fungi

This kingdom has a separate proposed FIVE KINGDOM Classifications of Robert Whittaker

Mycology

study of fungi

fungi

A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients.

fungi

They release digestive enzymes to break down organic materials or their host.

chlorophyll; photosynthesis

Fungi lacks ____________________ and do not undergo process of _________________________.

Fungi

They are important decomposers and recyclers of nutrients in the environments.

yeat

Most of the fungi are multicellular, except for _________________ that is unicellular.

Chitin

Fungi have cell walls that are made of _________________________.

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Fungi

they grow best in warm, moist environment.

Macroscopic organisms of fungi

Mushrooms and Puffballs

Microscopic organisms of fungi

Yeast and Molds

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.

Stolon

a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips.

Rhizoids

A thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients..

Mycelium

collective network of hyphae that runs to the body. 1

Thallus

The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.

aseptate hyphae/Coenocytic

do not have divisions and appear as a long continuous chain with many nuclei

septate hyphae

hyphae whose cells are divided by septa; with division.

absorptive heterotrophs

fungi, decomposers that absorb nutrients to obtain energy

septa

internal walls/compartments inside the hyphae that affects the transportation of nutrients inside fungi.

aerial hyphae/Reproductive hyphae

part of the hyphae that extends above the surface of whatever the mould is growing on. it is also called reproductive hyphae since the reproduction of spore formation, either sexually or asexually happened on this region.

Surface hyphae/vegetative hyphae

part of the hyphae that is attached to the ground beneath the surface.

Yeast

- unicellular fungi

- lives in the environment with temperature of 37 C (Body temperature)

- Larger than bacteria

- Oval to round shape cells

- Reproduction: Budding

Yeast

- responsible for the fermentation of beer and bread.

Candida lipolytica

candida tropicalis

yarrowia lipolytica

a mixed culture of yeast that grow on hydrocarbons or gas oil.

24

Yeast reproduce rapidly. one yeast cell can in time reproduce up to ________ daughter cells by Budding.

pseudohypha

- yeast like

- short chain of cell

- lives environment with temperature of 37 degrees celcius.

Candida albicans

attached to human epithelial cells as a yeast but usually requires a pseudohypha to invade deeper tissues.

Moulds

filamentous multicellular hyphae

- composed of hyphae/mycellium

- lives in environment with 25 degrees celcius (room temp.)

- cottony spreading growth

- reproduction: Asexual and sexual

Dimorphic fungi

Most pathogenic species of fungi that exhibits Dimorphism.

- Temperature dependent

- Yeastlike at 37 C and moldlike at 25 C

Dimorphism

the ability to exist in two different forms.

bacterial endospores

released for survival

Fungal spores

reproduced to release spores.

Anamorph

asexual form of fungi

Thallic reproduction

budding

germ type

Methods of asexual reproduction of fungi

Sporangiospores

Conidiospores

Chlamydospores

Blastospores

Arthrospores

Examples of asexual spores

Sporangiospores

Spores formed in a sac (sporangium). ; asexual

candidiospores

produce at tips/sides of hyphae, but not in a sac; asexual

Chlamydospores

thick-walled spores that are formed terminally or within hyphal segments.

blastospores/blastoconidia

asexual spores produced by budding. produced by fungi within plhylum giomeromycota and others.

Arthrospores

A very primitive spore type, formed by the breaking up or disarticulation of fungal mycelia.

Fusion/union of gametes

meiosis

sexual spore

sexual reproduction of fungi

gametangia

A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant; sex organ of fungi

Atheridium

male gametangium/gamete

oogonium

female gamete; female sex organ

monoecious/hermaphroditic

male and female reproductive systems in one animal

dioecious

Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals.

Zygospore

resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of a mold's life cycle.

- robust and resistant in nature

ascospores

spores produced by an ascus. "skin bag"

basidiospores

Spores produced in the basidia of basidiomycetes during sexual reproduction.

Mycorhizae

• Mutualistic partnership between a plant and fungi

• The plant feeds the fungus with organic compound synthesized during photosynthesis

• The fungus captures water from the soil and transfers it to the plant

peniccilin

Miracle drug

Mycoses

fungal infections

Superficial mycoses

fungal infection of the outermost areas of the human body, hair fingernails, toenails and the dead outermost layer of the skin.

Cutaneous mycoses

fungal infections on the living layers of the skin.

dermatophyes

group of fungi causing skin diseases

Tinea infections

causes ringworms

tinea pedis

fungal infection of the foot; athlete's foot

tinea unguium

fungal infection of the nails

tinea capitis

fungal infection of the scalp

tinea barbae

Also known as barber's itch; a superficial fungal infection that commonly affects the skin. It is primarily limited to the bearded areas of the face and neck or around the scalp; affects face and neck.

tinea corporis

ringworm of the body; especially trunk of the body

Tinea cruris (jock itch)

fungal infection of groin area

Subcutaneous mycoses

More serious than cutaneous mycoses

Penetrate the stratum corneum

Usually caused by fungi that inhabit the soil

systematic mycoses

fungal infection deep within the body; sometimes affecting two or more organs.

Madura foot

-Caused by several tropical soil fungi

-Enters the dermis through small breaks in the skin, mainly in people who do not wear shoes

-May require amputation unless antifungal drugs are given early

-Treatment often sought late because the infection is generally painless