SCIENCE FINAL 6TH 2ND SEMESTER

sad beige babies

trait

specific characteristic of an individual

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

DNA

the chemical code that controls your thoughts

Heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

Hybrid

plants produce by crossing purebred parent plants that each have a different form of the same trait

dominant trait

characteristic shown in the hybrid generation

recessive trait

hidden in the hybrid generation and appears in later generations only when no dominant factor is inherited

Phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

Genotype

genetic combination

Purebred

plants that show the same trait for many generations when pollinated naturally

Codominant

both genes are expressed

incomplete dominance

genes seems to blend in one generation

Pedigree

traces a particular trait

genetic engineering

changing a gene or moving an organism into another organism

Relationship between chromosomes, DNA, and genes

Genes are small sections of DNA. DNA is the chemical code. Chromosomes contain DNA.

Examples of inherited traits

Traits like eye color, hair color, height, or structural body parts.

Contributions of James Watson and Francis Crick

discovered the shape of the DNA molecule

Structure of DNA molecule

double helix

Contributions of George Mendel

he experimented with purebred plants.

Mendel's experiments with peas-

he did cross and self-pollination

Differences between dominant and recessive genes-

Dominant is always there. Recessive is rarer.

Using Punnett squares-

How can doctors calculate the probability of a child inheriting a disease?

Filled in Box- male w/ trait or disease

Examples of sex-linked traits

color blindness and hemophilia

Characteristics and examples of genetic diseases

sickle cell anemia, down syndrome

Advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering

Advantages : Helps provide insulin for diabetics, animals grow faster, gene therapy, plants require less water. Disadvantages: Plants taste bad, animals could get diseases

sickle cell anemia

red blood cells assume an abnormal sickle shape

cystic fibrosis

mucus in lungs

Down Syndrome

when a chromosome makes a copy of itself which causes genetic disabilities

aurora

energy emitted in the form of beautiful colors of light

chromosphere

the sun's atmosphere

photosphere

sun's surface

corona

the outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere/ "the crown"

ISS

International Space Station/ 16 different countries

Outer Planets

The gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)

Inner Planets

Terrestrial Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Probe

an unmanned research spacecraft sent beyond Earth's orbit

satellite

Any object that orbits around another object in space

space shuttle

A reusable spacecraft designed to transport people and cargo between Earth and space.

Stars \_____ their own light

produce

A planet must orbit the \_________

Sun

A planet must be big enough for its own \_________

Gravity

a planet must keep the shape of a \_________

Sphere

sunspots

dark spots on the photosphere of the sun

Kuiper Belt

small, icy objects including Pluto

Rotation

a complete spin on an axis

revolution

each orbit a planet makes around the sun

Solar eclipse

when the moon passes between the Earth and the Sun

lunar eclipse

moon passes through the shadow of the Earth

Wernher von Braun

helped develop rockets for space travel

Neil Armstrong

first man to walk on the moon

Robert Goddard

launched the first liquid-fueled rocket

What determines the seasons on Earth?

the tilt of the Earth as it revolves around the sun

Mercury

planet closest to the Sun

Venus

planet closest to Earth

Venus

called Earth's twin

Jupiter

Known for its Great Red Spot

Saturn

Known for its Rings

Mars

Planet most like Earth

Neptune

planet with the most violent weather

asteroid belt

area between Mars and Jupiter

gravity

keeps the planets orbiting around the Sun

moon's phases

different areas of the moon's surface lighted

2. they are spherical / mostly round

differences between a dwarf planet and a planet

dwarfs planets share an orbit while planets do not

Why is Pluto not a planet?

It does not orbit the sun.

magnitude

the brightness of a star

apparent magnitude

the brightness of a star when viewed from Earth

absolute magnitude

how bright a star actually is

Light-year

The distance that light travels in one year

Parallax

the apparent change in position of a star in relationship to other stars

Variable star

stars that regularly or repeatedly change in magnitude

nebula

a cloud of dust, gases, and debris

neutron star

may occur when a supergiant collapses to a very dense core

pulsar

a neutron star that spins rapidly on its axis

black hole

supergiant star that collapses and disappears from space

constellation

a group of stars that form a pattern

circumpolar constellations

constellations that revolve around the North Star

astronamy

the study of stars and planets

Redshift

shift of light to a longer wavelength as it moves away

binary system

2 stars held together by gravity

multiple star groups

three or four stars held together by gravity

star cluster

a large group of stars held together by gravity

galaxy

a huge star system that covers many light-years of space

asteroid

irregularly shaped pieces of rocks, metal, and dust

meteoroid

a rocky object in space that is smaller than an asteroid

meteor

when a meteoroid enters earths atmosphere

meteorite

A meteoroid that has hit earth's surface.

comet

An icy chunk of frozen gases, water, and dust that continually orbits the sun.

How do stars produce light?

nuclear fusion

relationship between stars an their colors and temperatures

blue-color of the brightest stars

Types and sizes of stars

dwarfs, giants, supergiants

Difference between eclipsing and pulsating stars

eclisping- 2 pairs are rotating each other

pulsating- stays on its own axis & pulse

What causes a nova?

one stars gravity pulls gases from the other star

Problems with astrology

People find guidance in stars but the should rely on God instead

Identify and describe instruments used to study stars

Reflecting telescope - uses mirrors to effect light to make objects appear bigger

Relationship of the Milky Way to Local Group

he local group is a cluster of galaxies traveling together through space. the Milky Way is one galaxy in the local group.

If you use a horoscope are you a real christian?

No because you should rely on God not stars.

mechanical energy

the ability to make something move