leapmed

the study of the form, structure and location of bodily parts

anatomy

the study of the function of bodily parts and processes involved them

physiology

surrounds the heart

pericardium

carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen

carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen

H20, CO2 and O2

molecules

organic compounds
carbon based
big molecules

macromolecules

examples of macromolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, dna

drains urine from mesonephric kidney prior to its regression ; then becomes ducts and organs associated with testis; developing under influence of testosterone

mesonephric duct

involutes into intermediate mesoderm; open-ended and becoming ducts and organs associated with ovary

paramesonephric duct

nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria,

organelles

protein factory

ribosomes

rbc, neuron, macrophages

cells

epidermis, cerebral cortex, mucosa

tissues

stomach, heart, thymus,

organs

Gland in the thoracic cavity above the heart where T lymphocytes mature.

thymus

respiratory, endocrine, cardiovascular

organ systems

is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism

cell

A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units

organelles

is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions.

tissue

is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.

organ system

encloses internal body structures
site of many sensory receptors

integumentary system

supports the body
enables movement with muscular system

skeletal system

enables movement with skeletal system
helps maintain body temperature

muscular system

detects and processes sensory information
activates bodily responses

nervous system

secretes hormones
regulates bodily processes

endocrine system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
equalizes temperature in the body

cardiovascular system

returns fluid to blood
defends against pathogens

lymphatic system

removes carbon dioxide from the body
delivers oxygen to blood

respiratory system

processes food for use by the body
removes wastes from undigested food

digestive system

controls water balance in the body
removes wastes from blood and excretes them

urinary system

produces sex hormones and gametes
delivers gametes to female

male reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes
supports embryo/ fetus until birth
produces milk for infant

female reproductive system

is the highest level of organization.
is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

organism

is the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances. Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat

Anabolism

is the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. Catabolism releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life.

Catabolism

is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body

Metabolism

Every cell in your body makes use of a chemical compound, \___ to store and release energy. The cell stores energy in the synthesis (anabolism) of ATP, then moves the ATP molecules to the location where energy is needed to fuel cellular activities. Then the ATP is broken down (catabolism) and a controlled amount of energy is released, which is used by the cell to perform a particular job.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments. An example of responsiveness to external stimuli could include moving toward sources of food and water and away from perceived dangers. Changes in an organism's internal environment, such as increased body temperature, can cause the responses of sweating and the dilation of blood vessels in the skin in order to decrease body temperature, as shown by the runners in Figure 2.

Responsiveness

is all of the changes the body goes through in life. Development includes the process of differentiation, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body. Development also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which involve cell differentiation.

Development

is the increase in body size. Humans, like all multicellular organisms, grow by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in bone), and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells.

Growth

is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms. In humans, reproduction is carried out by the male and female reproductive systems. Because death will come to all complex organisms, without reproduction, the line of organisms would end.

Reproduction

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

differentiation

process by which worn-out cells are replaced

renewal

process by which new organisms are generated

reproduction

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

nutrient

force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

pressure

compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

control center

organ that can cause a change in a value

effector

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

negative feedback

range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

normal range

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus

positive feedback

(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

sensor

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

set point

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera

abdominopelvic cavity

standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body

anatomical position

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral

anterior

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity

anterior cavity

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior

caudal

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior

cranial

division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain

cranial cavity

describes a position farther from the surface of the body

deep

describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

distal

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior

dorsal

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity

dorsal cavity

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

frontal plane

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal

inferior

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

lateral

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

medial

sac that encloses the heart

pericardium

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there

peritoneum

imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body

plane

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs

pleura

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal

posterior

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity

posterior cavity

face down

prone

describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

proximal

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides

sagittal plane

in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through

section

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa

serous membrane

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane

serosa

division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity

spinal cavity

describes a position nearer to the surface of the body

superficial

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial

superior

face up

supine

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

thoracic cavity

two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

transverse plane

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior

ventral

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity

ventral cavity

medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained

computed tomography (CT)

medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues

positron emission tomography (PET)

application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs

ultrasonography

form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones

X-ray

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

atom

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic number

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

compound

subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom's nucleus

electron

area of space a given distance from an atom's nucleus in which electrons are grouped

electron shell

substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

element

one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other

isotope