VA and US History || Civil War

What were some sectional tensions caused by the Institution of Slavery?

• Slave revolts in VA led by Gabriel (Prosser) in 1800

• Nat Turner (1831) - fed white Southerners’ fears about slave rebellions and led to severe restrictions on privileges for free blacks and harsh laws in the South against fugitive slaves. 

Publisher of The Liberator who viewed slavery as a violation of Christian principles

William Lloyd Garrison

Sectional disagreements leading to a war

1. debates over tariffs

2. extension of slavery 

3.  power of the states and the federal government.

Was the Fugitive Slave act a fail or success?

Fail

Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

Harriett Beecher Stowe

The Republican Party (in the 1850s) was devoted to what?

Stopping the spread of slavery in the territories

The Missouri Compromise

devised by Henry Clay. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. The compromise was agreed to by both the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Congress and passed as a law

Frederick Douglass

• Escaped slavery 

• Prominent abolitionist who urged Lincoln to recruit African-American soldiers

John Brown

• Fought against slavery supporters at “Bleeding Kansas”

• Attempted  to lead a slave uprising at Harper’s Ferry, VA

Abraham Lincoln

• 16th President of the United States

• Speeches to know Emancipation Proclamation,Gettysburg Address and Inaugural Address 

• Preserve the Union

Jefferson Davis

• Former Senator from Mississippi, & elected President of the Confederacy 

• Lack of popular appeal and feuded with state governors

Ulysses S. Grant

• Union General

• Given command by Lincoln after  several others failed

• Uses the Union’s  advantage in men & resources

Robert E. Lee

• Originally opposed the South’s secession

• Led the Army of Northern Virginia

• Often won battles against superior Union armies

Stonewall Jackson

• Confederate  General

• Gains fame at the First Battle of Bull Run 

• Shot by fellow Confederate troops, he died from his wounds & pneumonia in 1863

William T. Sherman

• Union General

•  Uses a “scorched earth” strategy in the South

• Captured Atlanta and led a devastating march through Georgia to the sea at Savannah

Clara Barton 

• Founder of the Red Cross 1881

• Helped soldiers during war times

•  Served as a volunteer nurse on battlefields during the Civil War.

• Known as the “Angel of the Battlefield” for providing aid to wounded soldiers under dangerous conditions.

Fort Sumter

• Union fort in South Carolina

• President Lincoln sends resources for soldiers trapped in Confederate territory

• On April 12, 1861 the Confederates bombarded the fort

• The Civil War begins

Bull Run

• First major land battle of the war

• Takes place outside Manassas, VA between DC and Richmond

• Shocking defeat for the Union

• A larger 2^nd Battle of Bull Run will be fought 1 year later 

Hampton Roads

• March 1862

• First ever battle between 2 ironclad ships

• The Union’s USS Monitor and South’s CSS Merrimack

• Confederate attempt to break Union blockade ends in a draw

Shiloh

• April 1862

• Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant  invades Shiloh Tennessee

• Bloody battle shows that the North will do what it takes to preserve the Union

Antietam

• General Robert E. Lee invaded Maryland in September 1862

• Bloodiest single day in American history – 23,000 casualties

• Confederate army retreats back to the South

Union General George McClellan  relieved of command in favor of Grant

Emancipation Proclamation

• Inspired by small victory, Lincoln freed all slaves in the rebelling states

• Has little immediate effect on slavery

• Gives the Union a moral purpose for victory

• Makes foreign nations unlikely to aid the South

Gettysburg

• Lee invaded Pennsylvania in summer of 1863

• Over 3 days in July Union forces defeat Confederate forces

• Major turning point in the war

The Gettysburg Address

• Brief speech at dedication to the battlefield

• Lincoln says this is a war to preserve the country

• America is not a collection of states but 1 nation of people

Appomattox Court House

• April 1865

• Gen. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia

• Gen. Grant accepts his surrender on April 9^th

First Inaugural Address

“In your hands my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war…The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.”

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

1. Wants to welcome back the South “with malice towards none”

2. Called the 10% Plan

3. 10% of a state’s voters must pledge loyalty to the US and support emancipation 

What did Lincoln believe regarding secession?

• He believed that secession was illegal so the Confederate states had never left the Union. 

• He believed the Federal government should not punish the south but welcome them back with open and forgiving arms. 

Radical Republicans

1. Believe Lincoln is being too easy on the South

2. Want to punish Southerners 

3. Demand civil rights for freedmen 

4. Want to provide protection with Union soldiers across the South

The Wade-Davis Bill

1. Drafted by Radical Republicans in 1864

2. Says 50% of voters must take the oath of allegiance

3. Passes both houses of Congress but vetoed by Lincoln

Andrew Johnson

1. Takes office after Lincoln’s assassination

2. Issues his own new plan

3. Calls for state conventions to repeal secession

4. Eventually allows Southern states to rejoin Union

5. Impeached for fighting with Radical Republicans who thought he was too lenient

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who move south to make $$$

Scalawag

Southerner who supports the Union

The Freedmen’s Bureau

Helps former slaves with schools, getting jobs & housing

1st African American senator

Hiram Revels

The 13th Amendment

officially made slavery illegal across the US

The 14th Amendment

guarantees citizenship to all persons born in the US

The 15th Amendment

guaranteed all free men the right to vote

Ku Klux Klan

Former Confederate soldiers who terrorize Black people across the South

Sharecropping

• Many former slaves work plantations

• Similar to slavery

Black Codes

Laws passed in the South to limit the rights of African Americans

Who was elected president in 1868?

Ulysses S Grant

Who served as president of Washington College?

Robert E Lee

Election of 1876

Republican Rutherford B. Hayes Vs. Democrat Samuel Tilden

Results of Election of 1876

• Tilden won 184 electoral votes

• Hayes won 165 electoral votes

• 20 electoral votes in dispute (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina)

• Each party reported its candidate had won those states

A Corrupt Bargain

• Since Reconstruction, Union troops occupy South

• Control election boards

• Fix the election so that Hayes wins

Compromise of 1877

• Democrats agree not to dispute results

• All troops pulled out of the South

• The Age of Reconstruction is over

The Jim Crow Era

• KKK takes power in Southern states

• Segregation of races 

• States find ways to deny rights to Black people