5.1 - Protists, Some Virus

Are Protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

eukaryotes

Are protists typically multi-cellular or single celled organisms?

single-celled

Protists are relatively easy to kill ___ ___ _____. (location)

out of humans

One simple protist that is typically sexually transmitted is?

Trichomonas vaginalis

What are the conditions for Trichomonas vaginalis to grow?

vaginal pH increases

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

sexually ^{(mucous membrane → mucous membrane)}

How many lige cycles (forms/stages) does Trichomonas vaginalis have?

one

Why doesTrichomonas vaginalis only have one life cycle/stage?

never leaves human

At what pH will Trichomonas vaginalis cause irritation or discharge? ^{(it has grown due to this pH; provide < > symbol)}

pH > 4.5

Is Trichomonas vaginalis fatal?

no

What’s the species name of a little less simple of a protist?

Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia is a _______ protist.

primitive

Does Giardia lamblia have a mitochondria?

no

What are the 2 forms of Giardia lamblia?

Trophozoite and cyst

So humans swallow the _____, which germinates into trophozoites in the ______ ______ (name organ).

cyst, small intestine

Giardia lamblia once in it’s trophozoite form in the small intestine leads to → (symptom)

GI infection (explosive diarrhea)

Giardia lamblia in it’s trophozoite form has __ nuclei.

2

The portal of exit for Giardia lamblia is?

feces/rectum

How can Giardia lamblia survive w/out a mitochondria? ^{(how does it synthesize enough ATP)}

sits on intestinal wall and absorbs hosts nutrients without needing to make any

What’s a more advanced Protist species? (hint: worm-like)

Trypansoma brucei

What disease does Trypansoma brucei cause?

African Sleeping Sickness

Does Trypansoma brucei reside in a human: intracellular or extracellular?

extracellular

African Sleeping Sickness caused by Trypansoma brucei is considered an ________ disease.

endemic ^{(only found where vectors’ found)}

What is the vector for Trypansoma brucei/African Sleeping Sickness?

Tsetse fly

In 2 simple steps Trypansoma brucei first colonizes the ______, then the ____.

blood, CSF

Trypansoma brucei have a kinetoplastid which is an?

enlarged mitochondria

Trypansoma brucei causes a ____-_____ pathogen

blood-borne

Disease Process of African Sleeping Sickness

1. Once inside the brain they cause disruption of the _______ ______.

Circadian Rhythm

Disruption of a persons’ circadian rhythm causes →

sleeping during the day

Disease Process of African Sleeping Sickness

2. The infection eventaully progresses to ____, _____, and ______. (3)

seizures, coma, death

Disease Process of African Sleeping Sickness

How does the Trypansoma brucei never get caught by the immune system?

switches it’s surface antigens routinely ^{(plays antigenic cat & mouse)}

A very advanced protist species is ______ __., otherwise known as Malaria.

Plasmodium sp.

Malaria is an _____ disease.

endemic

What are the 4 life stages of Plasmodium sp.?

Trophozoite, Gametocyte, Sporozoite, Merozoite

Disease Process of Malaria

1. Mosquito bites infected human, and draws up _______.

gametocytes ^{(of Plasmodium sp.)}

Disease Process of Malaria

2. Gametocytes fuse into a _______ within the mosquitos’ gut.

sporozoite

Disease Process of Malaria

2.1 - Sporozoites migrate to mosquitos _____ ______.

salivary glands

Disease Process of Malaria

3. Mosquito bites new victim, ____ _______.

transmitting sporozoites

Disease Process of Malaria

4. Sporozoites travel to ______ and infect the _________ (liver cells).

liver; hepatocytes

Disease Process of Malaria

5. The sporozoites will replicate within the hepatocytes, and change into _______ form.

merozoite

Disease Process of Malaria

5.1 - Once all the merozoites are produced, they are released all at once which →

lyses liver cells

Disease Process of Malaria

6. Merozoite now attatches & invades ____.

RBC

Disease Process of Malaria

6.1 - Withn the RBC, the merozoite germinates into a ______. In this form it will expand and consume resources.

trophozoite

Disease Process of Malaria

6.2 - The trophozoite then divies into 6-12 ______ and causes the RBC to _____. Cycle Repeats

merozoites, lyse

Restating Part 6 of Malaria: (4 steps)

1. merozoite pulls itself into RBC and germinates

2. turns into trophozoite (in RBC)

3. takes over whole RBC

4. divides into new merozoites and lyses RBC

There is treatment for Malaria, but ____ _____ makes it difficult.

drug resistance

Also, treatment for Malaria DOES NOT prevent from ________.

re-infection

What 2 Features all Viruses have?

nucleic acid, protein shell (capsule)

What’s 1 feature viruses may or may not have?

envelope

If a virus does have an envelope, it will always have ____.

spikes

A virus with an envelope is called →

enveloped virus

A virus with no envolope is called →

naked virus

Can a naked virus still opt to have spikes, even though they have no envelope?

yes

The purpose of spikes is for →

attatchment to human cells

The envelope of a virus is typically dervied/made from the ______ ____ ______.

human cell membrane ^{(few viruses use from golgi body or ER)}

What type of Nucleic Acid can Viruses have? (2)

DNA or RNA ^{(most have RNA)}

What is the ultimate goal for all viruses?

bring viral genetic code into host cell

What’s a pro of Naked Viruses?

can withstand harsh environments outside of human

What’s are some cons of Naked Viruses? (2)

1. made of all antigen (capsid = antigen)

2. can only exit host cell by lysing it, alerts immune system (not discrete)

What are some pros of Enveloped Viruses? (2)

1. can leave/exit via budding

2. less antigens ^{(spikes are only antigen portion)}

What’s a con of the Enveloped Virus?

delicate and easily killed outside of human

Viruses DNA/RNA can be _____ or ______ stranded.

single, double ^{(ss = single stranded; ds = double stranded)}

So for DNA specifically, the types of nucleic acid strategies are: (2)

1. dsDNA

2. ssDNA

For RNA’s nucleic acid strategies there are: (3)

1. dsRNA

2. (-) ssRNA

3. (+) ssRNA

The significance about (+) ssRNA is that they offshot and become a →

retrovirus ^{(ex. HIV)}

Of all the nucleic acid strategies, the most common that infect humans are: (4)

dsDNA, (-)ssRNA, (+)ssRNA, retrovirus