MICRO CH22: FUNGAL DISEASES

what domain are fungi under?

eukarya

• carbon and energy source?

• What is in their CW?

• Are they photosynthetic + why yes or why no?

• What is the Thallus?

• chemoheterotroph

• chitin

• NO bc lacks chlorophyll

• vegetative fungal body that is non-producing

• How do molds and yeasts differ?

• ___: when fungi body can be both mold AND yeast depending on environment conditions

  • what condition will it be yeast?

  • what condition will it be mold?

• What are mycelium?

• molds = multicellular and has hyphae… yeasts = unicellular

• in body heat

• in the cold

• dimorphic

• underground thallus

• Do fungi need hosts?

• how do fungi acquire nutrients?

• ___: absorb nutrient from dead organisms 

• ___: modified hyphae to penetrate host tissue to absorb nutrients 

• NO

• absorb

• saprobes

• haustorium

• How communicable are fungal diseases?

• ____: official term for fungal disease

  • can mycoses be systemic?

• What do mycoses rely on:

  • POE (resp, mucus, skin)

  • infectious dose

  • Virulence

  • host resistance 

• rarely communicable

• mycoses

• yes

2 types of infections results from fungi?

• respiratory

• skin

2 examples of resp. mycoses?

• which one is most common amongst humans?

• histoplasma capsulatum (most common for humans)

• Coccidioides immitis

Histoplasma Capsulatum 

• found in ___ and ___ US regions  

  • in moist or dry soil?

• 2 things its associated with?

• SX?

• What disease does this mimic?

• eastern

• central

• moist

• guano from birds and bats + chicken coops

• ache, pain, coughing, fever, night sweat, weight loss

• secondary TB and HIV

Coccidioides immitis

• where do its spores originate from (geographically)?

• in dry or moist soil?

• SX?

• San joaquin valley, CA

• dry

• subcutaneous lesions

What drug are systemic mycoses treated with?

Amphotericin B

if mycoses is acquired through inhalation, is it communicable?

NO

• What causes rose gardener’s disease?

• acquisition?

• Sporothrix schenckii 

• skin prick

• what are Dermatophytoses?

• What are tineas?

• what is taenia?

• Are they contagious?

• ringworm infxn

• common name for ringworm

• genus for ringworm

• YES

7 clinical manifestations of Dermaphytoses GO:

• aka “barbers itch”

• affects scalp, eyebrow, eyelashes

• aka “athletes foot”

• affects groin and moist skin

• aka “jock itch”

• affects hand, fingers, palms

• affects nails

• change your swimsuit + in skin folds of obese ppl

• Spread in shower, locker rooms

• affects smooth parts of skin like forearm

• tinea barbae

• tinea capitis

• tinea pedis

• tinea cruris

• tinea manuum

• tinea unguium

• tines cruris

• tinea pedis

• tines corporis

• do opportunistic mycoses affect healthy people?

• what mycoses is example of this?

• where its found: GI tract, resp system, vagina, mouth

• 4 manifestations?

• Treatment:

  • Topical = ___

  • systemic = ___

• no, usually immunocompromised ppl

• candida albicans

• thrush, vaginalis, diaper rash, nails

• nyastatin and azole

• amphotericin B

• Parasitology includes what 2 things?

• trophozoites VS cyst:

  • ___: dormant stage of protozoan pathogens

  • ____: active feeding cell of protozoan pathogens 

• protozoan parasites and helminths

• cyst

• trophozoites

• Entamoeba histolytica causes?

• acquisition?

• main SX?:

• other SX: fever, abdominal pain, weight loss + possible perforation of intestine 

• Develop from cyst in ____ → lives off of ____

• amebiasis

• dysentry

• colon

• epithelial mucosal cells

• Naegleria fowleri causes?

• acquisition?

• is it fatal?

• Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

• enters nostrils while swimming in farm ponds, stock tanks, pools/hot tub

• Giardia lamblia or G. intestinalis causes?

• How many flagella does it have?

• SX?

• transmission: ***think of daycare center***

  • direct hand contact

  • fomites

  • water

• prevention:

  • Water filtration system 

  • High chlorine conentraton in pool

• giardiases or “beaver fever”

• 4 pairs flagella (8 total)

• alternating diarrhea with constipation

• Trichomonas vaginalis causes?

• are there cysts?

• How many flagella? 

• SX in women?

• SX in men?

• STD

• NO cysts

• 4 flagella

• vagina itching + smelly discharge

• painful urination

• Trypanosoma cruzi causes?

• does it cross placenta?

• vector?

• What is schizogony? 

• American trypanosomiasis aka Chaga’s disease 

• yes

• assasin bug aka “kissing bug”

• asexual reproduction

4 species of malaria GO:

• most common

• in summer and autum

• tertian form so occurs every 3rd day

• quartan form so occurs every 4th day

• lethal

• plasmodium vivax

• plasmodium falciparum

• plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale

• plasmodium malariae

• plasmodium malariae

3. Know the stages of the life cycle – which comes from the mosquito? Invades the liver cell? Released from RBC? Picked up by mosquito? Stage it becomes in mosquito?

• Sporozoite = infective stage; passes from mosquito > invades liver cells

• merozoite = develops in liver cells > ruptures > invades RBC 

• Trophozoite = meroziote develops into trophocoite in > released from RBC

• Gametocytes = Picked up by mosquito + develops into sporozite inside mosquito

Malaria

• 2 major organs are involved?

• Vector?

• what causes the cyclic fever:

  released ___into RBC causes cycle of chills>fever>sweating>repeat

• 2 treatment?

• liver and RBC

• mosquito

• merozoite

• primaquine and chloroquine

• toxoplasma gondii causes?

• acquired?

• What problem can occur in pregnant women?

• toxoplasmosis

• cat litter box and contaminated meat

• still birth or birth abnormalities?

Parasitic helminths

• What adaptation are helpful in their lifecycle?

  • ___for attachment  

  • ____(they dont need complex metabolism bc host body does it for them)

• ___: term for when organism is both female and male

  • are all parasitic helminths like this?

• acquisition:

  • Ingestion (contaminated water/food)

  • Cut in foot

  • Insect bite

• hooks

• degenerative organ system

• hermaproditic

• no, only some

Parasitic helminths cont…

• Worms will pass through 2 types of hosts…

  • ___ = for larvae development 

  • ___= adulthood + mating 

• Prevention methods:

  • Cook food well enough

  • Water treatment + boil water

• what drug us for roundworms + hookworm?

• what drugs is for pinworms?

helminth taxonomies

Phylum:___

• ex: Pinworm, Hookworm, Theadworm, Roundworm

Phylum: platyhelminths 

• class:___

  • ex: bloodfluke

• class:___

  • ex: tapeworm

• nematoda

• trematoda

• cestoda

Ascaris lumbricoides

• Ascaris lumbricoides is acquired through what means? 

• Can blockage occur?

• ingestion of non-food items (ex: dirt)

• yes

• Necator americana is what kind of worm?

• acquired? 

• ____ larvae = hatches and feeds

• ____ larvae = doesnt fed 

• hookworm

• larvae penetrates skin from soil

• rhabditiform

• filariform

• Enterobius vermicularis is what kind of worm?

• transmission:

  • Fomites (bed, clothes, linens)

  • food/drink

  • fingernails

• pinworm

• Trichinosis is caused by? 

• How is it acquired?

• trichenella spiralis

• ingesting undercooked pork

• Fasciola hepatica is aka?

• acquired by eating what plant?

• What additional animals are involved? 

• sheep liver fluke

• watercress

• snail

Cestoda (tapeworms)

• function of scolex?

  • is this structure young or mature?

• function of proglottid?

  • is this structure young or mature?

• Are they hermaphroditic?

• 2 examples of tapeworms?

• absorb predigested food

• young

• produce + release eggs

• mature

• yes

• taenia saginata and taenia solium

• 2 ex of tapeworms:

  • ___found in cows

  • ___found in pigs

  • which of these is more common?

• How is it acquired?

• Where do tapeworms reside?

• Are symptoms obvious in all cases?

• When do most people seek medical attention? 

• taenia saginata

• taenia solium

• taenia saginata

• ingestion of undercooked meat

• small intestine

• NO

• when you find gravid proglottid in ur poop