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Emotion
a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
James-Lange Theory
Physiological response then emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
Physiological response and emotion are simultaneous
Schacter-singer/two-factor theory
Physical arousal, cognitive label, them emotion; two factors are physical arousal and cognitive label
Role of nervous system in emotion
Sympathetic nervous system in ANS releases adrenaline and prepares body for action, then parasympathetic nervous system calms the body Too much or too little arousal is bad in some situations
Physiological similarities between emotions
Anger, fear, sexual arousal- high breathing, heart rate, tension
Physiological differences between emotions
Fear and rage- different figure temp and hormone secretions Fear and joy- different facial muscles Different brain circuits and activation- fear is amygdala, negative emotions in right, positive in left (more dopamine receptors)
Cognition and emotion relationship
Cognition can define emotion- spillover effect and two factor theory Zajonc- arousal sometimes lingers without cognitive label
LeDoux Theory & physiology of emotion
Some emotions take low road- bypass cortex and go straight to amygdala for fast emotional response- prevents feelings from hijacking thinking so we can have speedy response Some take high road- pass cortex and then go to amygdala
Zajonc theory
theory that some emotional responses occur instantly, sometimes we feel before we think
Lazarus theory
Experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labelled or appraised (is it harmful or beneficial), responses don't require conscious thinking and much are automatic Appraisal, then physiological response, then emotion
Gender differences in emotion detection
Women are better at decoding others' emotions, more emphatic, more sensitive to emotions
Ekman's research on nonverbal expressions of emotion
Most facial expressions are universal, emotional display rules are universal too (showing more emotion to certain people than others)
7 emotions- happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt
Culture's role in emotions
Emotion expression is similar across all cultures, but individuality cultures (Western Europe, Australia, new zealand, North America) show more emotion than collective cultures where people adjust to others (china, Japan) Expression stays consistent with heredity from certain countries
Do facial expressions influence feelings
Laird- activating certain muscles of emotions can make you actually feel that emotion, facial feedback effect Smiling can make you happy
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Izard's 10 basic emotions
joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt
Why don't children feel shame, guilt, contempt
Young children don't understand other people's perspectives to experience these complex emotions
How do we learn fear
conditioning (heights) and observation (snakes)
Biological basis of fear
We're biologically scared of things that may harm us (certain animals) so we are more prone to become scared of them Amygdala allows fear but hippocampus allows us to be conditioned
Consequences of anger
More anger, regret, prejudice, chronic hostility, heart disease
behavior feedback effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions (acting angry makes us more angry)
Catharsis
a release of emotional tension
Causes and consequences of happiness
Causes- objective well being, acting happy, control, sleep, close relationships, focusing beyond self, gratitude, leisure, movement, spiritualism
Consequences- feel good, do good, health, satisfaction
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Subjective well being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life, used along with measures of objective well-being (physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life
adaption-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those compared to
Behavioral medicine
an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
psychophysiological illness
literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system B lymphocytes- form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes- form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
Emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
Biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be a part of conventional medicine
Predictors of happiness
high self esteem, optimistic, outgoing, agreeable, close friendships, meaningful religion, sleep well, exercise
How does stress impact health
Coronary heart disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, altered heart rhythms, prediction of new neurons slows, telomeres shorten (shortened life span), high cortisol, AIDS/HIV, cancer, worn out white blood cells (supressed immune system)
Stress responses
Flight or fight Withdraw and conserve energy Tend and befriend- seek and give support (common in women)
Why do men become more aggressive during stress
Women have higher levels of oxytocin- stress moderating hormone released by nurturing
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Hormone secreted by adrenal glands during stress
General Adaptation Syndrome
Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Alarm- mobilize resources, heart rate increases, blood in skeletal muscles, high respiration, blood pressure, activation of SNS
Resistance- coping, everything remains high, sudden outpouring of hormones
Exhaustion- resistance cannot last longer, more vulnerable to illness, collapse, death
Catastrophes
unpredictable large scale events (terrorist attack, hurricane)
significant life changes
personal events, life transitions (death, loss of job, moving)
Daily hassles
everyday minor events that annoy and upset people, can add up and cause greater susceptibility to hypertension and less life satisfaction
Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Freud's Psychoanalytic theory
Attributes thoughts and actions to unconsumed motives and conflicts, techniques used in psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Unconscious, Preconscious, conscious mind
Unconscious- reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories, processing we are unaware of Preconscious- some thoughts stored here temporarily and we can access Conscious- accessible thoughts
Psychoanalytic strategies to explore unconscious mind
Free association Dream analysis
Free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
stages of psychosexual development
Oral- 0-1, mouth pleasure Anal- 1-3, bowel/bladder elimination + control Phallic- 3-6, genitals and incestuous sexual feelings Latent- 6-puberty, sexual feelings Genital- puberty-on, maturation of sexual interests
Oedipus Complex
in phallic stage, boys sexually desire their mother, but fear the father's punishment (castration anxiety)
ego
mediates among demands of id, superego, and reality- reality principle to satisfy id's desire in ways that bring pleasure rather than pain
Identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Regression
psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Reaction formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
Projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Rationalization
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
Displacement
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
Denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
Collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Criticisms of psychoanalytic theory
-very vague -unresponsive to the external environment -too reliant on the early development of the individual -uses a small sample for drawing conclusions -can't predict events, only explains them after the fact
underestimated peer influence
new theories of dreaming
infants don't have neural networks mature enough for great emotional trauma
Jung research
Less emphasis on social factors of Freud's theories, agreed that unconscious is powerful Collective unconscious, explains why different cultures share symbols and images (mother is nurturance)
Horney & Adler research
Agreed that childhood is important but childhood social tensions are important, not children sexual tensions Behavior is driven to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority or anxiety Countered Freud's view of penis envy in women and that they have weak superegos
Projective tests
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one's inner thoughts and feelings
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
humanistic theory
An explanation of behavior that emphasizes the entirety of life rather than individual components of behavior and focuses on human dignity, individual choice, and self-worth
terror management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety, explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
Maslow's self-actualization
one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved, the motivation to fulfill one's potential
Rogers' theory
personality is shaped by the need for self-actualization, and positive regard from others to develop trust unconditional positive regard- attitude of total acceptance towards another person Ideal self vs actual self 3 conditions for growth promotion- genuine, accepting, emphatic
Possible selves
images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future, by Markus
third-force perspective
Maslow & Rogers perspective that emphasized human potential
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Criticisms of humanistic theory
Vague Subjective Can lead to selfishness, erosion of moral constraints Naive, fails to recognize evil
Traits
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
a personality test that taps four characteristics/scales and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types: Extraversion/introversion Sensing/intuition Thinking/feeling Judging/perceiving
Polygraph
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)
Cattell's factor analysis
Statistical procedure to identify clusters of test items that relate to each other
Eyesenck's Trait Theory
We can reduce our individual variations to two or three dimensions- extraversion/introversion and emotional stability/instability These factors emerged as basic dimensions in a factor analysis test from the Eysenck personality questionnaire
Big five personality factor theory
McCrae & Costa five main traits: Conscientiousness (organized, careful) Agreeableness (trusting, helpful) Neuroticism (calm, secure) Openness (imaginative, independent) Extraversion (sociable, affectionate)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) strengths and weaknesses
Most widely researched and used personality test, developed to identity emotional disorders but is now used for many other screening purposes Strengths- valid, reliable, can detect lying Weaknesses- not good predictor
Personality inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to assess selected personality traits.
empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
Extent traits are stable across lifespan, heritable, useful predictors of behavior
Stable in adulthood but some increase with age About 50% of traits are heritable Predicts good grades, morning types, evening types, and marital/sexual satisfaction
Criticisms of trait theory
Person-situation controversy- look for genuine personality traits that persist over time, is behavior influenced by ourselves or environment People are not very predictable Personality test scores are weak predictors of behavior on every occasion
Social-cognitive theory
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
What influences shape one's personality
Conditioning, observing others, mental processes, how we interact with environment, schemas, memories, expectations
Bandura's reciprocal determinism
explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior Different people choose different environments Personalities shape how we intercept and react to events Personalities help create situations we react to
Rotter's theory of external and internal locus of control
External- change or outside forces beyond personal control determine fate Internal- you control your own fate- more independent, healthy, less depressed Personal control- extent to which people perceive control over environment rather than feeling helpless
Benefits of personal control
health, moral, satisfaction, adjustment, social success, better grades, low depression risk, improved self management in other areas
Seligman's learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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