Unit 3 History Review

Why was the Catholic Church regarded as the only power still standing in Western Europe?  (What did it do for Europe?)  What factors about the Catholic Church allowed it to be a stabilizing force for this time/place in history?

The catholic church unified Western Europe under shared beliefs, ideas, and goals. The church provided order and security to Western Europe.

Clovis:

Led by Clovis 466-511, the Franks emerged as the largest Germanic kingdom, united under Christianity, and the alliance gave pope and king more power.

“4 leaf CLOVER=good luck, largest kingdom”

Charles Martel:

Charles Martel unexpectedly stopped the Muslim advance at the Battle of Tours 732 CE and kept the Muslims confined to Spanish territories and stopped further incursion into Europe.

“Martel=stopped Muslim advance”

Charlemagne:

Charlemagne, the grandson of Charles Martel, unifies Catholic land into single empire. He ruled from 768-814 CE. Created the Holy Roman Empire.

“Charelemagne=MAIN/magne grandson”

Who was Thomas Aquinas?

Developed scholasticism which was the balance between faith and reason. (not either/or, instead both/and)

Describe his political/religious philosophy. What impact did it have on Europe?

His philosophy was that we could still have science and religion, and it doesn’t have to be one or the other. It impacted Europe by unifying through commons goals, ideas, etc.

What was feudalism and why did it develop? Describe the pyramid and who owed what to whom at each level.

Feudalism is the political response of Western Europe to the crumbling of the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. The pyramid was placed in order to protect from invasion. King owns all of the land. Nobles are vassles to king; knights vassles nobles; serfs vassals to knights.

What was a vassal?

Vassals owe the upper layers services; upper layers owe lower layers protection.

What was the manor system of economics?  Describe it and offer at least three advantages the system had.

The manor system was a localized economic system where manor became self sufficient and  trade no longer “workable” or reasonable. Three advantages the system had were: 1. Self sufficient, 2. Serfs grew or made all that was necessary for life, 3. No unsafe traveling.

Explain how feudalism and manorialism are defensive responses to the fall of the Roman Empire.

Feudalism dictated how nobles gained land, while manorialism mapped out how that land was maintained by peasants.

What was the Byzantine Empire, and where was it located?

The Byzantine Empire was the result of rebranding the Eastern Roman Empire as it split due to large size. It is located in Eastern Roman Empire.

What actions did Constantine take that changed the Eastern Roman Empire into something different from the Western Roman Empire?

Constantine moves capital in 324 CE. Constantine became sole emperor of the Roman Empire, believed future in the East, and changed religion, language, capital.

What was Justinian’s plan?

Justinian’s plan was to reorganized the government of the Byzantine Empire, made it illegal to sell provincial governorships, built several cathedrals, including the Hagia Sophia. Justinian also wrote the Codex Justinianus (Justinian’s Code)

What was Justinian’s Code of Laws?

Justinian’s Code Based on the Twelve Tables. It organized 4000 laws, helped unify and control empire, basis for many modern codes of law, based in laws of Rome: Twelve Tables, defines citizenship, marriage, slavery, criminal acts and punishments.

How are the two branches of Christianity similar? How are they different?

Both churches are Christian but differ in many ways such as leadership, language, architecture, and geographic centers.

Describe the historical origins of Islam. (Include the meaning of the name.)

While fasting and meditating, Muhammad was visited by Archangel Gabriel. Gabriel told Muhammad that he was to write down messages from God and spread them to the world. Muhammed surrenders to the will of God (as told by Gabriel) and agrees to spread the messages from God. Islam: “Sumission to God”

Describe the five central beliefs of Islam.

Shahadah: Profession of Faith “There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is the messenger of Allah”. Salat: Prayer, pray 5 times daily, facing Mecca. Zakat: Alms (charity) share to benefit those in need. Sawm: Fasting during the month of Ramadan. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca.

Describe the spread of Islam (from before Hijra through Caliphates)

Muhammed and his followers fled to Medina, where the numbers of people who adopted his beliefs increased. They returned to Mecca to conquer the city. They destroyed statues in Ka’aba. Mecca converts to Islam. The caliphate unified many ethnicities through religion and trade. Islam spread on the Silk Road and trans-Saharan trade routes.

Describe how and why Islam fractured into two groups.

Muhammad’s death in 632 led to a dispute over who would be the next caliph/ruler. “Sunni Muslims” believed the next caliph should be Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s friend and advisor. “Shi’a Muslims believed the next caliph should be Muhammad’s cousin and son in law, Ali.

Describe the relationship between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.

All descended from Abraham. All monotheistic.

What geographic areas did the caliphates control?

Persia, Arabia, SW Asia.

What made the Islamic Empire different from all previous empires?

It was divided based on who they thought should lead them.

What was the impact of the Islamic Empire on the government/politics of the areas it conquered?

Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries.

What was the impact of the Islamic Empire on the culture of the areas it conquered?

Advancements in many fields; including literature, philosophy, science, medicine, mathematics, and art.

What were the technological advancements of the Islamic Empire?

Advances in navigation, algebra, medical books.

What made the emergence of the Islamic Empire so different from all of the other empires ?

The emergence of the Islamic Empire was so different from all the other empires because they were very advanced through navigation tools, algebra, and more. It is believed that Muhammad was visited by Archangel Gabriel to spread the message of God. From there, the five pillars of Islam were followed. The leader Muhammed was thrown out of Mecca but returned and converted the city to Islam. The Islamic caliphate expanded rapidly and grew to an immense size. The caliphate unified many ethnicities through religion and trade.

How did Islam become a part of life in India?

In the 11th and 12th centuries, Turkish Muslims invaded India.

What was the relationship like between the Islamic rulers and the Hindu population?

Muslims and Hindus were separated. Muslims treated Hindus poorly. Hindus were allowed to continue practicing Hinduism, as long as they paid the jizya (a head tax).

Who replaced the Turkish Muslims in India?

Mughals replaced Turkish Muslims. (The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur.

What made Akbar the Great famous?

Akbar united all Muslims and Hindus under his rule by promoting religious tolerance

Who was Shah Jahan? Did he continue Akbar’s legacy? Explain

He was Akbar’s son. No, he rolled back most of the progress Akbar had made in promoting religious tolerance by taxing Hindus and destroying Hindu temples.

What is Shah Jahan’s greatest achievement?

Shah Jahan’s most well known legacy was the Taj Mahal (1631). He had it built to honor the memory of his wife.

What was the historical origin of Sikhism? What are its central beliefs?

Sikhism was founded in Northern India by Guru Nanak, a spiritual guide. Beliefs included monotheistic, idea that all human beings are equal in the eyes of God, and men and women do not cut their hair but men

Describe the relationship between the Islamic leaders in Spain and the Jews and Christians in Spain.

They had a good relationship, however they did have to pay a tax for being non-muslim.

Why is Islamic Spain often called the Golden Age of learning?

They had libraries, hospitals, street lights, and more things that pointed towards a good and functioning society.

What freedoms did Jews and Christians have under Islamic rule that were unexpected? Why and how did that change?

The Jews and Christian populations were not forced to convert to Islam, work as slaves or live in special locations. They were not banned from any particular ways of earning a living. They often took on jobs shunned by Muslims; these included unpleasant work such as tanning and butchery, but also pleasant jobs such as banking and dealing in gold and silver. They could work in the civil service of the Islamic rulers. This all changed when the position of non-Muslims in Spain deteriorated substantially from the middle of the 11th century as the rulers became more strict. Christians now had many restrictions and could not display their faith in public.

What was the Spanish Inquisition and what impact did it have on Muslims and Jews in Spain?

In 1492, there was a mass exodus from Spain, due to the inquisition ordered by Queen Isabella. Jews in Muslim were ordered to convert to Christianity or die.

What happened prior to the Tang Dynasty?

The Han Dynasty collapsed in 220 CE. Over the next 350 years, more than 30 local dynasties rose and fell. Buddhism gained political influence during this time.

What happened during the Tang Dynasty’s rule?

Expanded the empire, including their influence over Korea and had strong central government to control the huge empire.

How did the Tang Dynasty end? When?

In 907, Chinese rebels sacked and burned the capital of Chang-an and murdered the last Tang Emperor (a child).

What were the “in between” years like?

Rival warlords divided China into kingdoms. Families fought over the mandate of heaven until the Song Dynasty.

Was the Song Dynasty as strong as the Tang Dynasty? Explain your answer.

No, the Song Dynasty had a weak military and never regained territory lost after the Tang, but the Song Dynasty had a population double what it was prior to the Tang.

What were some of the important contributions of the Tang and Song dynasties?

Grand Canal increased trade in China, use of paper money improved the economy, silk and porcelain were traded all over the world as a luxury goods, movable Type made it possible to “print” multiple pages, brought back civil service exams, mechanical clock, acupuncture , advances in math and algebra, imported faster ripening rice, doubling the rice crop, population increased, and spread of Buddhism.

day 6: How did the salt/gold trade impact the exchange of ideas and the exchange of goods?

It spread goods but it also spread ideas.

What was the political impact of Islam on Africa?

Muslims in North Africa invaded Ghana and they eventually dissolved into several smaller states.

What was the economic impact of Islam on Africa?

Islam impact established a new empire that directly controlled gold and salt mines.

What was the social impact of Islam on Africa?

After his pilgrimage, Mansa Musa brought Muslim scholars and architects back with him to Mali and built a mosque in the major trade city Timbuktu.

Kingdom of Ghana:

1st major west african kingdom. Raised money by taxing people traveling through.

Kingdom of Mali:

established a new empire that directly controlled gold and salt mines

Kingdom of Songhai:

Songhai grew from trade across the Sahara. The fall of Songhai marked the end of the great West African kingdoms.

Who was Genghis Khan?  Why was he important?

He united the tribes & declared himself ruler of Mongolia & the Mongols. He set out to conquer the world.

Unification of an area across Eurasia:

Established Pax Mongolica, silk road trade reached its height.

Conquering Beijing:

First time China was ruled by foreign power, ended civil service exams but staffed the bureaucracy.

Obliterating the Muslim heartland:

Ended the Muslim caliphate.

Making no scientific advances themselves:

Stifled cultural growth.

Were the Mongols barbarians? Explain.

The Mongols had a stereotype of being barbaric plunderers intent merely to maim, slaughter, and destroy. Stereotype came from speed and ruthlessness with which the Mongols carved out the largest contiguous land empire in world history.

What was the impact of the Mongol invasion of Russia?

Many of the local rulers were kept. Russia became a vassal state; facilitating the expansion of serfdom. Peasants paid heavy taxes which were collected by Russian oligarchs/ bureaucrats who took their cut. Lacking unity and cultural development, Russia remained backward at the same time Europe was growing culturally

What was the impact of the Mongol invasion of China?

Took Beijing and overthrew Song Dynasty. First time CHina was ruled by a foreign power. Civil service exams were ended. CHinese were subject to different laws and were separated from Mongols. Merchants and foreigners were welcomed into court and overland and maritime (sea) trade flourished.

What was the impact of the Mongol invasion of the Islamic World?

Abbasid Caliphate was defeated by the Mongols and political unity of the Muslim world ended. Local bureaucrats were employed and local rulers were permitted to rule as long as order was maintained and taxes were collected. Many Mongols converted to Islam.

How was the Mongol style of governing different from most other empires?

The Mongols were brutal but brought a lot of change.

Flesh out the analogy: the Mongols were like a gang taking over a neighborhood and demanding protection money from local businesses…on a global scale.

The Mongols were known for their brutal and ruthless tactics, however they got trade going again, improved communication, spread new foods, relocated useful people, and were tolerant of different religions.

What were the Crusades?

The Crusades were a series of battles between Christians and Muslims over their holy lands that were shared.

What were the Crusaders promised?

Guarantee of eternal salvation.

What were their goals?

To claim the holy land.

What were the long term effects of the Crusades?

Spread of new ideas, increased trade, end of dark ages, and growth of intolerance.

How did the Crusades contribute to the end of feudalism in Europe?

They contributed to weakening the power structure.

What were the Crusades? How did the Crusades contribute to the end of feudalism?

The Crusades were a series of “Holy Wars” between the Christians and Muslims to fight over the holy lands they both share. Caused increased power for European kings and creation of nation-states in Europe.

What was the Black Death? How did the Black Death contribute to the end of feudalism?

Black Death was a epidemic that originated in Asia in the and spread via trade routes by fleas. Ended feudalism by killing over 1/3 of Europeans.

What was the 100 Years’ War? How did the 100 Years’ War contribute to the end of feudalism?

Wars fought between England vs. France over land. The creation of a system of government taxation and paid military service led to no need for knights or vassals.

What was the Great Schism? How did the Great Schism contribute to the end of feudalism?

The Great Schism was a “pope fight”. This caused the power of church to decline in Europe ending feudalism.

Which of the four causes of the end of feudalism do you think had the most impact? Why did you choose that one?

I think The Hundred Years’ War contributed the most to the end of feudalism. I think this because the outcome of the war was that they no longer needed knights or vassals. This is due to the fact that the war contributed to a creation of a system of government taxation and paid military service.