Reproductive System
Sexual Reproduction
fusion of haploid gametes forms a diploid cell, the zygote
Zygote
fertilized egg cell
Zygote
can give rise to gametes by meiosis
Egg
large, nonmotile female gamete
Sperm
male gamete, generally much smaller and motile
Asexual Reproduction
generated without the fusion of egg and sperm
Asexual Animals
relies entirely on mitotic cell division
Budding
new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones
Fission
splitting and separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximately equal size
Fragmentation
breaking of the body into several pieces, followed
Regeneration
regrowth of lost body parts
Fragmentation and Regeneration
one form of asexual reproduction that has two steps
Parthenogenesis
egg develops without being fertilized.
Parthenogenesis
offspring can be either haploid or diploid.
Hermaphroditism
each individual has both male and female reproductive systems
Hermaphroditism
blurring the distinction between male and female; common among sessile (stationary) animals
Hermaphrodites
can also self-fertilize
Sex Reversal
maximizes gamete production
Releasing gametes into the surrounding water
tends to result in more offspring
Ovulation
release of mature eggs, occurs at the midpoint of each cycle.
Sexual Reproduction
number of sexual offspring will remain the same at each generation because both a male and a female are required to reproduce
Asexual Reproduction
daughters that will each give birth to two more reproductive daughters
'“Twofold Cost”
asexual condition will increase in frequency at each \n generation
Sexual Reproduction
may enhance the reproductive success of parents when environmental factors; change relatively rapidly
Asexual Reproduction
expected to bemost advantageous in stable, favorable environments because it perpetuates successful genotypes precisely
Sexual Reproduction
beneficial gene combinations arising through recombination might speed up adaptation
Fertilization
union of sperm and egg
Fertilization
an be external or internal.
External Fertilization
the female releases eggs into the environment, where the male then fertilizes them
Internal Fertilization
sperm deposited in or near the female reproductive tract fertilize eggs within the tract
Moist Habitat
almost always required for external fertilization, both to prevent the gametes from drying out and to allow the sperm to swim to the eggs
Shedding their eggs and sperm into the surroundings
fertilization occurs without the parents making physical contact
Spawning
individuals clustered in the same area release their gametes into the water at the same time
Chemical Signals
one individual generates in releasing gametes trigger others to release gametes
Environmental Cues
cause a whole population to release gametes at one time; ex: temperatures, day length
External Fertilization
not synchronous across a population; individuals may exhibit specific “courtship” behaviors leading to the fertilization of the eggs of one female by one male
Triggering the release of both sperm and eggs
behaviors increase the probability of successful fertilization
Internal Fertilization
enables sperm to reach an egg even when the external environment is dry
Internal Fertilization
requires sophisticated and compatible reproductive systems, as well as cooperative behavior that leads to copulation.
Male Copulatory Organs
delivers sperm
Female Reproductive Tract
eceptacles for storage and delivery of sperm to mature eggs.
Pheromones
chemicals released by one organism that can influence the physiology and behavior of other individuals of the same species
Pheromones
small, volatile or water-soluble molecules that disperse into the environment ; active at very low concentrations
Pheromones
function as mate attractants, enabling some female insects to be detected by males more than a kilometer away
Internal Fertilization
produce fewer gametes than species with external fertilization, but a higher fraction of their zygotes survive because sheltered from potential predators
Internal Fertilization
more often associated with mechanisms that provide greater protection of the embryos and parental care of the young
Uterus
allows species to be nourished by the mother’s blood supply through a temporary organ, the placenta
Gonads
organs that produce gametes; are found in many but not all animals
Lack Distinct Gonads
he eggs and sperm develop from undifferentiated cells lining the coelom (body cavity)
Spermathecae
sacs in which sperm may be kept alive for extended periods, a year or more in some species
Cloaca
in nonmammalian vertebrates, it is the common opening to the outside of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems
Cloaca
releases sperm, in species with lacking a well-developed penis
True
animals often mate with more than one member \n of the other sex
Female
plays a major role in determining the outcome of multiple matings
Testes
produce sperm in highly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
coiled duct where the sperm pass into
Ejaculation
sperm propelled from each epididymis through vas deferens
Vas Deferens
muscular duct where the sperm is propelled during ejaculation
Vas Deferens
extends aroundand behind the urinary bladder, where it joins a duct from the seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory Duct
duct from the seminal vesicle where it opens into the urethra
Urethra
outlet tube for both the excretory system and the reproductive system
Urethra
runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the tip of the penis
Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, Bulbourethral Glands
Three sets of accessory glands that produce secretions that combine with sperm to form semen
Semen
fluid that is ejaculated
Seminal Vesicles
contribute about 60% of the volume of semen
Seminal Vesicles
produces thick, yellowish and alkaline fluid that contains mucus, the sugar fructose, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and local regulators prostaglandins
Prostate Gland
secretes its products directly into the urethra through small ducts
Prostate Gland
secretes thin and milky fluid that contains anticoagulant enzymes and citrate
Bulbourethral Glands
pair of small glands along the urethra below the prostate.
Bulbourethral Glands
secrete clear mucus that neutralizes any acidic urine remaining in the urethra.
Bulbourethral Glands
carries some sperm released before ejaculation,which may contribute to the high failure rate of the withdrawal method of birth control
Penis
contains the urethra as well as three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue
Arousal
erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries. As this tissue fills, the increasing pressure seals off the veins that drain the penis, causing it to engorge with blood
Causes an inability to achieve an erection
Alcohol consumption, certain drugs, emotional issues, and aging
Glans
the head; has a much thinner outer layer and is consequently more sensitive to stimulation
Prepuce
known as foreskin; fold of skin that surrounds the human glans which is removed if a male is circumcised
Ovaries
female gonads that flank the uterus and are held in place in the abdominal cavity by ligaments
Follicles
found in the outer layer of each ovary, consisting of an oocyte
Oocyte
partially developed egg, surrounded by support cells found in the follicles at the outer layer of each ovary
Surrounding Cells
nourish and protect the oocyte during much of its formation and development
Oviduct (or Fallopian Tubes)
extends from the uterus toward a funnel-like opening at each ovary.
Oviduct
cilia on the epithelial lining of the (blank) help collect the egg by drawing fluid from the body cavity into the oviduct
Uterus
where the egg is conveyed by the cilia from the oviduct by wavelike contractions
Uterus
think, muscular organ that can expand during pregnancy to accommodate a 4-kg fetus
Endometrium
inner lining of the uterus supplied with blood vessels.
Cervix
neck of the uterus that opens into the vagina
Vagina
muscular but elastic chamber that is the site for insertion of the penis and deposition of sperm during copulation
Vagina
lso serves as the birth canal through which a baby is born, opens to the outside at the vulva
Vulva
collective term for the external female genitalia
Labia Majora
thick, fatty ridges that protects the rest of the vulve
Labia Minora
vaginal opening and the separate opening of the urethra are located within a cavity bordered by a pair of slender skin folds
HYmen
thin piece of tissue that partly covers the vaginal open-ing in humans at birth, but becomes thinner over time and typically wears away through physical activity
Clitoris
consists of erectile tissue supporting a rounded glans, or head, covered by a small hood of skin, the prepuce.
TRUE
During sexual arousal, the clitoris, vagina, \n and labia minora all engorge with blood and enlarge.
Sexual Arousal
also induces the vestibular glands near the vaginal opening to secrete lubricating mucus, thereby facilitating intercourse
Spermatogenesis
formation and development of sperm; continuous \n and prolific in adult human males
Seminiferous Tubules
where the cell division and maturation of spermatogenesis occurs
TRUE
a single sperm, the process takes about \n seven weeks from start to finish.
Oogenesis
development of mature oocytes (eggs); prolonged process in the human female
TRUE
Immature eggs form in the ovary of the female embryo but do not complete their development until years, and often decades, later