Bio 132 - Exam 3: Chordates with Vertebrates - Learning Objectives

describe four derived traits that define the phylum Chordata

a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post anal tail

Characteristics of urochordata

lack a vertebral column that houses the dorsal nerve cord and defines the Vertebrata

Characteristics of cephalochordate

unpaired frontal eye, putative balance and olfactory organs, and certain primordia of mechanosensors and chemosensors

Chondrichthyes

a cartilaginous skeleton, lack of a swim bladder, lipid storage restricted to the liver, unique hematopoietic organs, and bacteremia in clinically normal individuals

Actinopterygii

a bony skeleton, fins supported by bony rays, and a swim bladder for buoyancy control

Sarcopterygii

fleshy, lobed paired fins supported by a single bone

Amphibia

moist, smooth skin, breathe through lungs and skin, spend part of their lives in water and part on land, and undergo metamorphosis

avian reptilia

scales on their feet, laying eggs, and being part of the Diapsida group, but also possess unique features like feathers, hollow bones, and are endothermic

non avian reptiles characteristics

dry skin with keratinized scales, a single condyle, internal fertilization, an amniotic egg, metanephric kidneys, and lungs.

Chondrichthyes Skeletomuscular systems

lack true bone and have a skeleton made of cartilage

Actinopterygii Skeletomuscular systems

possess scales as a protective shield covering their trunk or are devoid of any protective structures

Sarcopterygii Skeletomuscular systems

prominent muscular limb buds (lobes) within their fins, which are supported by articulated appendicular skeletons

Amphibia Skeletomuscular systems

thye skeleton is strongly has a reduced tail, elongated hind limbs, short and robust forelimbs

non-avian reptilia skeletomuscular systems

endoskeletons and must have a backbone comprised of small vertebrae protecting their spinal cord

avian reptilia skeletomuscular systems

the pneumatic and medullary bones

Chondrichthyes Circulatory systems

closed circulatory system with a two chambered heart, circulates oxygen through gills

Actinopterygii Circulatory systems

closed circulatory system with a two chambered heart, blood flows through heart single time

Sarcopterygii Circulatory systems

closed circulatory system and two chambered heart, two main sites of blood oxygenation, one in the gills and the other in the lungs

Amphibia Circulatory systems

three chambered heart and a closed double circulatory system with two circuits: the systemic circuit and the pulmocutaneous circuit

non-avian reptilia Circulatory systems

three chambered heart with a partially divided ventricle, allowing for double circulation but with some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, Crocodiles have a four chambered heart

avian reptilia Circulatory systems

circulatory systems are closed, feature double circulation (pulmonary and systemic) with a four chambered heart

Mammalia Circulatory systems

double circulation with three circuits: pulmonary, coronary, and systemic circuits facilitated by a four chambered heart

Chondrichthyes respiratory systems

breathe using gills, typically having 5-7 pairs of gill slits for gas exchange with water

Actinopterygii respiratory systems

primarily use gills for respiration in water, but some species, especially those in low-oxygen environments, have evolved to utilize swim bladders as accessory air-breathing organs or have developed true lungs

Sarcopterygii respiratory systems

lungs for gas exchange

Amphibia respiratory systems

breathe through lungs and their skin which has to stay wet for gas exchange so they secrete mucous to keep their skin moist

non avian Reptilia respiratory systems

lungs for gas exchange, lack of a functional diaphragm so moving air during inspiration and expiration comes from respiratory muscles

Avian Reptilia respiratory systems

breathe using lungs, with gas exchange occurring in millions of small air sacs called alveoli

Mammalia Respiratory systems

facilitate gas exchange through lungs

Chondrichthyes Digestive and excretory systems

multicellular and have a complete extracellular digestive system, nitrogenous waste as urea

Actinopterygii Digestive and excretory systems

esophagus, stomach, and intestine and gills for ammonia and urine to remove waste

Sarcopterygii Digestive systems

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and anus, but with some unique features like a spiral valve in the intestine and use their kidneys for excretion, similar to other vertebrates, and also excrete ammonia through their gills

Amphibia Digestive systems

a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, culminating in a shared cloaca for waste in urea in urine from two kidneys

Non-avian reptilia Digestive systems

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and cloaca and primarily excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid

Avian reptilia Digestive systems

mouth, esophagus, stomach also with the crop, proventriculus, and gizzard, produces waste in urea

Mammalia Digestive systems

continuous tube from mouth to anus and sweat, urine, and feces as excreta

Chondrichthyes Reproductive systems

egg-laying (oviparity) and live-bearing (viviparity) with some species being ovoviviparous, and fertilization is always internal

Actinopterygii Reproductive systems

the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid

Sarcopterygii Reproductive systems

ovoviviparity and nest-building females have paired ovaries and males have paired testes

Amphibia Reproductive systems

reproduce sexually with either external or internal fertilization

Non-avian reptilia Reproductive systems

internal fertilization, where sperm is deposited into the female cloaca, and fertilization occurs within the cloaca, with eggs laid or retained for live birth

Avian reptilia Reproductive systems

single functional ovary and oviduct on the left side

Mammalia Reproductive systems

internal fertilization and live birth are characterized by specialized organs and hormonal cycles that facilitate gamete production, fertilization, gestation, and lactation

parts of amniotic egg

shell, chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac, which provide protection, gas exchange, and nourishment