Carbonyl 1st part

Carbonyl Group

The –C=O functional group present in all carbonyl compounds.

Primary Alcohol Oxidation

Primary alcohols oxidize to form aldehydes.

3° Alcohol Behavior

3° alcohols do NOT oxidize under normal conditions.

Oxidizing Agent Example

Cu/heat is mentioned as an oxidizing agent in the notes.

Mild Reduction Product

Mild reduction of carboxylic acid gives aldehyde.

Methanal Reduction with Ni/Pd

In the presence of Ni/Pd + H₂, methanal is reduced to methanol.

Reactivity Order Towards Nucleophiles

The correct order is: Methanal > Aldehyde > Ketone.

Non-Reactive Reagent in Nucleophilic Addition

NH₄Cl is NOT used in nucleophilic addition reactions.

Nucleophilic Addition Product

The product of nucleophilic addition to carbonyl is alcohol.

Formaldehyde Reactivity

Formaldehyde does NOT react with ammonia.

Hexamine Formation Reactants

Hexamine is formed from formaldehyde + NH₃.

Formaldehyde and NH₃ Reaction Molecules

6 molecules of formaldehyde react with 4 NH₃ to form hexamine.

2,4-DNP Test Usage

The 2,4-DNP test is used to identify carbonyl compounds.

Positive 2,4-DNP Test Precipitate Color

A positive 2,4-DNP test yields a yellow-orange precipitate.

2,4-DNP Reaction Product

2,4-DNP forms a Schiff base when reacting with aldehydes/ketones.

Schiff Base Functional Group

Schiff bases contain the functional group –C=N–.

2,4-DNP Differentiation Limitation

2,4-DNP cannot differentiate aldehyde from ketone.

Test for Hexagonal Ring with NO₂

The 2,4-DNP test forms a compound with hexagonal ring and NO₂ group.

Grignard Reagent Mechanism

Grignard reagent adds to carbonyl compounds by nucleophilic addition.

Product of Aldehyde and Hydrazine Reaction

When aldehyde reacts with hydrazine, it forms hydrazone.

Alpha Hydrogen Absence

Formaldehyde contains NO alpha hydrogen.

Ozonolysis Products

In ozonolysis of alkenes, the products are aldehyde and ketone.

Mild Reduction Catalyst Used

During mild reduction, Ni/Pd + BaSO₄ is used as the catalyst.

2,4-DNP Specific Detection

2,4-DNP specifically detects the carbonyl group.

CH₂=CH₂ Excess H₂ Reaction

In the presence of excess H₂, CH₂=CH₂ becomes CH₃CH₃.