the scientific study of mental processes and behavior
New cards
2
Empirical Method
method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
New cards
3
Structuralism
understanding the conscious experience through introspection
New cards
4
Who is associated with structuralism
Wundt and Tichener
New cards
5
Introspection
the process of examining ones own thoughts and feelings
New cards
6
Functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
New cards
7
Who was associated with functionalism
James and Darwin
New cards
8
Psychoanalytic theory
approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
New cards
9
Who is associated with psychoanalytic theory
Freud
New cards
10
Gestalt psychology
a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of its parts
New cards
11
Behavioral psychology
describing behavior in response to stimuli
New cards
12
Who is associated with behavioral psychology
Watson, Skinner, and Pavlov
New cards
13
Humanism
investigate how people become happier and more fulfilled; focus on the basic goodness of people
New cards
14
Who is associated with humanism
Maslow and Rodgers
New cards
15
Cognitivism
How attention, perception, memory, problem solving, and language, often based on brain processes
New cards
16
Who is associated with cognitive psychology
Chompsky
New cards
17
What does APA stand for
American Psychological Association
New cards
18
Biopsychology/Neuroscience
how biological systems give rise to brain activity
New cards
19
Social Psychology
How people are affected by others
New cards
20
Developmental Psychology
How people change from infancy to old age
New cards
21
Clinical Psychology
Study of the factors that cause psychological disorders and the best methods to treat them
New cards
22
Personality Psychology
Study enduring characteristics that people display over time and across circumstances
New cards
23
Biopsychosocial model
perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual’s health
New cards
24
What is the difference between a PsyD and a PhD
PsyD is the degree of a typical therapist while a PhD is that of a researcher
New cards
25
Dissertation
defending your research in a formal review
New cards
26
Critical Thinking
systematically questioning and evaluating info using well supported evidence
New cards
27
Theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
New cards
28
Hypothesis
testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
New cards
29
Verifiability
an experiment must be replicable by another researcher
New cards
30
Predictability
implies that a theory should enable us to make predictions about future events
New cards
31
Falsifiability
able to be disproven by experimental results
New cards
32
Fairness
implies that all data must be considered when evaluating a hypothesis
New cards
33
What does IRB stand for
Institutional Review board
New cards
34
What is the purpose of the IRB
to review research involving humans to make sure it is ethical and not harmful
New cards
35
Informed consent
process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate
New cards
36
Deception
purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
New cards
37
Debriefing
when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion
New cards
38
If you ------ you must -------
deceive, debrief
New cards
39
IACUC
committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human subjects
New cards
40
What does IACUC stand for
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
New cards
41
Descriptive Studies
research studies that do not test specific relationships between variables
New cards
42
Correlational Research
research investigating the relationship between two or more variables
New cards
43
Experimental Research
research method that uses hypothesis testing to make inferences about how one variable impacts and causes another
New cards
44
Naturalistic observation
observation of behavior in its natural setting
New cards
45
Generalizability
inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population
New cards
46
Observer bias
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
New cards
47
Inter-rater reliability
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
New cards
48
Case study
observational research study focusing on one or a few people
New cards
49
Surveys
list of questions to be answered by research participants allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
New cards
50
Archival Research
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
New cards
51
Longitudinal Research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
New cards
52
Cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
New cards
53
Attrition
reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
New cards
54
Correlation Coefficient
number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
New cards
55
Positive correlation
two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
New cards
56
Negative correlation
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller
New cards
57
Confounding variable
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
New cards
58
Illusory correlations
seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
New cards
59
Conformation bias
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
New cards
60
Experimental group
the group that experiences experimental manipulation
New cards
61
Control group
the group that does not experience the manipulation
New cards
62
Experimenter bias
researcher expectations skew the results of the study
New cards
63
single-blind study
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
New cards
64
double-blind study
experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
New cards
65
Random sample
a subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
New cards
66
Reliability
consistency and reproducibility of a given result
New cards
67
Validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
New cards
68
P-value
statistical probability that represents the likelihood that experimental results happened by chance
New cards
69
Statistical Significance
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
New cards
70
Memory
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
New cards
71
Encoding
the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing
New cards
72
Storage
retention of the information
New cards
73
retrieval
the act of getting information out of storage and into conscious awareness through recall, recognition, and relearning
New cards
74
short-term/working memory
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
New cards
75
episodic memory
type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory
New cards
76
semantic memory
type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
New cards
77
episodic
what type of memory is associated with alzheimer’s disease?
New cards
78
autobiographical memory
remembering specific events that happened over the course of your life
New cards
79
encoding
input of information into the memory system
New cards
80
storage
creation of a permanent record of information
New cards
81
retrieval
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
New cards
82
Two types of memory failure
forgetting and misremembering
New cards
83
semantic encoding
input of words and their meaning
New cards
84
visual encoding
the encoding of images
New cards
85
acoustic encoding
encoding of sounds, particularly words
New cards
86
recoding
taking the information from the form it is delivered to us and then converting it in a way that we can make sense of it
New cards
87
effortful processing
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
New cards
88
automatic processing
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
New cards
89
Sensory memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
New cards
90
rehersal
repetition of information to be remembered
New cards
91
consolidation
the neural processes that occur between an experience and the stabilization of the memory
New cards
92
Long term memory
continuous storage of information
New cards
93
explicit memories
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
New cards
94
implicit memories
memories that are not part of our consciousness (like opening a present)
New cards
95
procedural memory
type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
New cards
96
retrieval
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
New cards
97
encoding specificity principle
The hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace.
New cards
98
cue overload principle
The principle stating that the more memories that are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory.
New cards
99
recall
accessing information without cues
New cards
100
recognition
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
Studied by 2 people
