Siegel and Welsh Chapter 11 Juvenile Delinquency Prevention

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Delinquency Control or repression

involves any justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurence of a future delinquent act; the action is motivated by an offense that has already taken place; typically involves juvenile justice system

delinquency prevention

involves any nonjustice program or policy designed to prevent the ocurrence of a future delinquent act; intervening in young people’s lives before they engage in delinquency in the first place; preventing the first delinquent act

public health approach

delinquency prevention that classifies prevention efforts into three levels, similar to how diseases and injuries are managed in public health

Primary Prevention

focuses on improving the general well-being of individuals through such measures as access to health care services and general prevention education, and modifying conditions in the physical environment that are conducive to delinquency through such measures as removing abandoned vehicles and improving the appearance of buildings

Secondary Prevention

focuses on intervening with children and young people who are potentially at risk for becoming offenders, as well as the provision of neighborhood programs to deter known delinqueny activity

Tertiary Prevention

focuses on intervening with adjudicated juvenile offenders through such measures such as substance abuse treatment and imprisonment. Here, the goal is to reduce repeat offending or recidivism

Risk Factor

a negative prior factor in an individual’s life that increases the risk of occurence of a future delinquent act

protective factor

a positive prior factor in an individual’s life that decreases the risk of occurrence of a future delinquenct act

Early Childhood Interventions

refers to programs designed to address the root causes of delinquency by targeting risk factors like poverty, impulsiveness, poor supervision, and harsh discipline early in a child's life, using strategies such as cognitive development, skills training, and family support, before delinquent behavior begins.

Home-Visitation

a home-based early intervention program that involves the provision of support for families

Nurse Family Partnership

Best known home visitation program, started in Elmira, New York. Targeted first time mothers who were under 19, unmarried, or poor

outcomes of pregnancy, quality of childcare, women’s own personal development

Home-Based Intervention: The Nurse-Family Partnership has three broad objectives to improve:

financial

Programs like the Nurse-Family Partnership have significant _____ benefits, as it allows high-risk juveniles to find employment and reduce their presence in the juvenile justice system, as well as having an effect on welfare costs

randomized controlled experiment

considered the “gold standard” of evaluation designs to measure the effect of a program on delinquency or other outcomes. Involves randomly assigning subjects either to receive the program (the experiment group) or not receive it (the control group)

improving parenting skills

(type of early prevention) Form of family support that has shown some success in preventing juvenile delinquency is:

Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC)

Most widely cited parenting skills program

behavior modification

The Oregon Social Learning Center uses _______ techniques to help parents acquire proper disciplinary methods.

educational success, cognitive development, family wellbeing, delinquency

Results of family-based intervetion include significant effect on: (4)

low intelligence, school failure

Preschool can act as juvenile delinquency prevention by targeting risk factors such as (2):

developmentally appropriate learning curricula, cognitive based enriching activities, activities for parents to support school experience at home

Some of the key features of preschool programs include:

one third

Michigan: Perry Preschool, in an assessment of juvenile delinquency, when the participants were age 15, those who received the program reported ____ fewer offenses than a control group

half

Michigan: Perry Preschool, by age 27, program participants had accumulated ____ the arrests of the control group

more likely to complete high school, less likely to drop out, more years of education completed

Significant benefits realized by preschool participants compared to control group (Child-Parent Program in Chicago) (3):

systemic review

a type of review that uses rigorous methods for locating, appraising, and synthesizing evidence from prior evaluation studies

meta analysis

a statistical technique that synthesizes results from prior evaluation studies

Mentoring programs

Programs that usually involve nonprofessional volunteers spending time with young people at risk for delinquency, dropping out of school, school failure, and other social problems.

Mentors

______ behave in a supporitve, nonjudgmental manner while acting as role models to adolescents/teens

Federal Mentoring Programs

initiatives supported by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) that provide at-risk youth with mentors to help prevent delinquency, with major efforts like JUMP, MISIY, and the National Mentoring Resource Center receiving over $615 million in funding between 2008 and 2014.

juvenile mentoring program

JUMP

Mentoring initiative for system involved youth

MISIY

school, social, and family domains

the most common areas of increased risk of those enrolled in mentoring programs involve:

10%

average percent reduction in delinquency rates, found by British criminologists Jolliffe and Farrington in their study on effects of mentoring

greater

mentoring is more effective in reducing delinquency when the average duration of each contact between mentor and young person is _____

mentoring

Research by Patrick Tolan and colleagues that found ______ had the largests effects involved in reducing delinquency and aggression

delinquency, academic achievement, drug use, aggression

Mentoring has a positive effect in four main areas:

display empathy, pay attention and nurture strengths of juvenile, and treat juvenile as equal

Mentoring is effective when mentors: (3)

intensive, social competency, cognitive-behavioral

School-based delinquency prevention programs work when they are ____, focusing on ________ skills and making use of ____ -_____ teaching methods

school and family, reducing negative

Schools lack the ability to target delinquency effectively, so improving both ___ and _____ environments and ______ peer influences all together can be the key in helping high risk teens/adolescents

long term, comprehensive

School security measures, like metal detectors and school police, aim to improve safety, but ______ prevention requires more _____ effort

problematic, delinquency, substance abuse

Some research indicates having an after-school job can be _____, as it is associated with ______ and ________.

delinquency prevention

Helping kids, through job training, prepare for the adult workforce is a key part of _____

Job Corps

best-known and largest job training program in U.S., established as a federal training program for disadvantaged, unemployed youths

vocational training, basic education, health care

The main goal of Job Corps is to improve employability of participants by offering a comprehensive set of services, including: (3)

reductions

Participation in Job Corps resulted in significant ______ in criminal activity

YouthBuild USA

national job training and education program for disadvantaged youth ages 16–24, founded in New York City, that teaches construction skills through building affordable housing, while also offering education, leadership development, and support services. It has shown success in reducing delinquency and improving educational outcomes for participants.

juvenile justice process

under the parens patriae philosphy, juvenile justice procedures are informal and nonadversarial, invoked for juvenile offenders rather than against them. A petition instead of a complaint is filed, courts make findings of involvement or adjudication of delinquency instead of convictions, and juvenile offenders receive dispositions instead of sentences

two thirds (68%)

Almost _____ of all children arrested are referred to the juvenile court

Detention Hearing

a hearing by a judicial officer of a juvenile court to determine whether a juvnile is to be detained or released while proceedings are pending in the case

adjudicatory hearing

the fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition

bifurcated process

the procedure of separating adjudicatory and dispositionary hearings so different levels of evidence can be heard at each

disposition

for juvenile offenders, the equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders; should be more rehabilitative than retributive

Petition

document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent, a status offender or a dependent and asking that the court assume juridiction over the juvenile

Conflicting Values in Juvenile Justice

ongoing tension between treating juvenile offenders with care and rehabilitation under the parens patriae philosophy and ensuring their constitutional due process rights, while also balancing pressures for harsher crime control measures, calls to try serious offenders as adults, and proposals to shift juvenile justice functions to community and social service agencies.

early prevention, teen intervention, graduated sanctions, detention, waiver process

Comprehensive juvenile justice Strategy involves programs based on a continuum of care that begins in early childhood and progresses through late adolescence. Includes: (5)

low intelligence, impulsiveness, poor parental supervision, parental conflict, living in crime ridden neighborhoods

Important childhood risk factors for future delinquency (5)

supportive, pay more in taxes

The general public is highly ______ of delinquency prevention programs and are even willing to _______ to fund these programs compared to funding punitive options like boot camps and prison.

Big Brothers Big Sisters of America

Program that matches a volunteer adult together with a juvnile. Example of intervention for teenage youths at high-risk for delinquency

Functional Family Therapy

involves modifying patterns of family interaction—by modeling, prompting, and reinforcement—to encourage clear communication of requests and solutions between family members and to minimize conflict

multidimensional treatment foster care

involves individual-focused therapeutic care (ex. skill building in problem solving) and parent training

probation, electric monitoring

examples of intermediate sanctions

deinstitutionalization

removing as many youths from secure confinement as possible

overused

Many experts believe that juvenile incarceration is _____, particularly for non-violent offenders

little, deter

Considerable research supports the fact that warehousing juveniles without proper treatment does ______ to _____ criminal behavior

drug courts

courts whose focus is providing treatment for youths accused of drug-related acts; aim is to place nonviolent first offenders into intensive treatment programs rather in an institution

efficient, reducing

Teen drug courts are not as ____ as adult drug courts in _____ the rates of recidivism.

teen courts

Courts that make use of peer juries to decide nonserious delinquency cases