AP Psychology Review

Abnormal Defined

3D's, Distress, Deviation, Dysfunction

Rosenhan Study

Sent pseudopatients into mental hospitals claiming to be hearing voices, then they stopped showing symptoms. Eye opener on treatment in mental hospitals

DSM

5

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Phobias

specific irrational fears, largely conditioned

Claustraphobia

fear of enclosed spaces

Panic Attacks

overwhelming feelings of worry and dread, general feeling that the worst is going to happen

OCD

obsessive compulsive disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Somatoform Disorders

Bodily complaints with mental cause

Conversion Disorder

physical symptoms due to physiological issues

Hypochondriasis

constant preoccupation with health, think the worst is happening and can't be convinced otherwise

Anna O Case Study

glove anesthesia

Dissociative Disorders

split away from normal reality

Dissociative Amnesia

Bury trauma deep in unconcious

Dissociative Fugue

Amnesia accompanied with active fleeing (battered woman syndrome)

DID/MPD

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Clinical Depression

general sense of helplessness, hopelessness, may have suicidal thoughts

Bipolar/Manic Depression

Manic phase of euphoria and high energy levels coupled with periods of deep depression

Seasonal Affective Disorder

correlation between serotonin/access to sunlight and elevation of mood

Schizophrenia

disorder of thinking, non sequitur speech/ word salad, delusions, hallucinations, reality break

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Addition of behavior (delusions of grandeur, persecution, word salad, etc)

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Absence of a normal/positive behavior

Catatonic Schizophrenia

(worst of the worst) fixed, rigid posture, violent mood swings

Simple/ Residual Schizophrenia

Stay in home/isolates

Hebephrenic

inappropriate behavior, sexual deviation/voyeurism

Dementia

a condition characterized by progressive or persistent loss of intellectual functioning, especially with impairment of memory and abstract thinking, and often with personality change, resulting from organic disease of the brain.

Paranoid

delusions of persecution and grandeur

Anti

Social Personality Disorder

Psychopath Personality

condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self

Sociopath Personality

a person with a personality disorder manifesting itself in extreme antisocial attitudes and behavior and a lack of conscience.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self

Passive

Aggressive Personality Disorder

Histrionic Personality Disorder

excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Schizoid Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Psychoanalytic Therapy

this therapy approach uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his or her unconscious motives and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are causing difficulties

Catharsis

outpouring of emotion

Free Association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Dream Analysis

the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams

Manifest Content

the actual plot of the dream

Latent Content

the underlying meaning of a dream

Resistance

patient avoids talking about a topic

Transference

the patient transfers emotions from another situation onto a therapist

Counter

Transference

Carl Rogers

Humanisic; self

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs

Humanistic Therapy

focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person; holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one's full potential

Free Will

humans are good and can make decisions best for ourselves

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher

Client

Centered Therapy

Unconditional Positive Regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Behavioral Therapy

focuses on problematic behaviors

Systematic Desensitization

(counter conditioning) gradual, step by step process towards actual confrontation of object of fear

Implosion

imagining worst

Flooding

putting someone in a very fearful situation to try to remediate fear

Token Economy

Operant Conditioning

Mary Cover Jones

"mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits

Baby Albert Study

Brought the baby into a room with the stuffed animal

Whenever the baby grabbed the animal, Watson made loud noises to eventually make the baby fear the stuffed animal because he would associate loud noises with the stuffed animal

Aversion

associate a behavior with something negative, now you don't perform behavior

Cognitive Therapy

focuses on problematic/irrational thinking (change the thought process of patient) (Aaron Beck)

RET

rational emotive therapy

Group Therapy

group largely has affliction in common, gets people to talk, feel less alone (AA, couples therapy, etc)

Role Reversal

Each person acts like the other person in the group, can have very positive or very negative outcomes

Physical Therapy

rehabilitation that focuses on restoring physical function and preventing disability

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion

ECT

electroconvulsive therapy; a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient (shock therapy)

Anti

Psychotic Drugs

Anti

Anxiety Drugs

Common Side Effects of Anti

Psychotic Drugs

Anti

Depressant Drugs

SSRI's

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

AntiManic Drugs

Used to treat bipolar disorder (lithium carbonate)

Psychologist

A scientist who studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals

Psychiatrist

medical doctor who has specialized in treating psychological disorders

Sigmund Freud (1856

1939)

Wilhelm Wundt (1832

1920)

John B. Watson (1878

1958)

B. F. Skinner (1904

1990)

Gestalt Psychology

Closure principles, looking at something as a whole

Phi Phenomenon

sequential pictures create the illusion of movement

Extraneous/Confounding Variable

uncontrolled variable known to exert an influence on the DV

Experiment

looks for a cause and effect relationship using variables and control groups

Naturalistic Observation

observes behavior in natural habitat

Survey

Correlational study, see if there is a meaningful relationship, not cause and effect, scatterplot

Case Study

study of one person, gets in depth info, rare cases

Random Assignment

(control technique) assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

Random Selection

select from population so that everybody has an equal chance of getting into survey

Experimental Group

gets manipulation (IV)

Control Group

Not manipulated, placebo

Experimenter Bias

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

Double Blind Study

An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo

Sample Bias

Population isn't defined, sample isn't drawn randomly

Social Desirability Bias

Subjects give answers that they believe are socially acceptable

Replication

repeating study to ensure reliability

Ethics Examples

Voluntary, No Harmful Procedures, No Deception, Debriefing, International Review Board (IRB) Approval

Aptitude Tests

testing general knowledge as a way to determine if one should gain admission

Examples of Aptitude Tests

SAT, MCAT

Achievement Tests

More specific subject area (placement)