BIOCHEM PART 3 - fate of pyruvate

• Lactic acid

• Acetyl coA

• Acetaldehyde

Pyruvate can be converted into

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that helps to catalyze:

pyruvate → acetyl coA

• Lactic acid

• Acetyl coA

• Acetaldehyde

Pyruvate can be converted into

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that helps to catalyze:

pyruvate → acetyl coA

Oxidative Decarboxylation

Pyruvate —> acetyl coA is what type of reaction?

Lactate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that helps to catalyze:

Pyruvate —> Lactic acid

Oxidation

Pyruvate —> Lactic acid is what type of reaction?

Lactic acid

• Sustained exertion

• Depletion of O2 due to phosphorylation

Pyruvate Carboxylase

The enzyme that helps to catalyze:

Pyruvate —> Acetaldehyde

Fermentation, Anaerobic

Pyruvate —> Acetaldehyde is what type of reaction?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A brewer's yeast that is mixed with fruit juice to produce ethanol

Outer Membrane

It is relatively permeable because of the presence of PORINS

Cristae

Inner membrane has folds of pleats called __________to increase the surface area for the embedded transmembrane proteins (carriers)

Inner Membrane

Parts of Mitochondrion that has NO porins

Inner Membrane

Electron Transport Chain proteins are bound to the ___

Mitochondrial Matrix

Contains metabolic ENZYMES and mitochondrial ribosomes and DNA

pyruvate transporter protein

Pyruvate produced in the cytosol enters the mitochondrial matrix through

Hans Krebs Cycle/ TCA cycle

Citric Acid Cycle is also known as

OUR CITY IS KEPT SAFE AND SECURE FROM MONSTERS

• Oxaloacetate

• Citrate

• Isocitrate

• α-Ketoglutarate

• Succinyl-CoA

• Succinate

• Fumarate

• Malate

Mnemonics for Krebs Cycle

Citrate Synthase

The enzyme that helps the condensation of:

Oxaloacetate with Acetyl coA —> Citrate

Aconitase

The enzyme that helps the Isomerization of:

citrate —> isocitrate

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that helps the Oxidative Decarboxylation of:

isocitrate —> alpha-keto glutarate

Alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that helps the Oxidative Decarboxylation of:

alpha-ketoglutarate —> succinyl coA

Succinate Thiokinase

The enzyme that helps the Hydrolysis of:

thioester to release succinate from succinyl coA

Succinate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that helps the Oxidation of: succinate → fumarate

Fumarase

The enzyme that helps the Hydration of fumarate -→ malate

Malate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that helps the Oxidation of

malate to oxaloacetate

• Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

• Alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase

In Krebs Cycle

what enzymes that produce NADH from NAD CO2

• Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

• Malate Dehydrogenase

In Krebs Cycle

what enzymes that produce NADH from NAD

Succinate Dehydrogenase

In Krebs Cycle

what enzyme that produces FADH2 from FAD

Succinate Thiokinase

In Krebs Cycle

which enzyme produce GTP from GDP

5 ATPs

in preparatory or intermediate reaction how many ATPs are generated?

20 ATPs

In TCA/ CITRIC ACID CYCLE/ KREBS CYCLE how many ATPs are generated?

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and FADH2

FALSE

(it should be oxidized in the MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX)

TRUE OR FALSE

NADH and FADH2 must be oxidized in the INNER MEMBRANE

FALSE

(cells need to continually regenerate NAD+

TRUE OR FALSE

Cells need to continually regenerate FADH. (It can be done via the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, but it will not be enough)

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

The solution is to transfer ONLY the electrons from NADH across the mitochondirial membrane and not the entire chemical moiety

1. Malate Aspartate Pathway

2. Glycerol Phosphate Pathway

Electrons can enter the Mitochondrion via:

KIDNEY, LIVER, HEART CELLS

Malate Aspartate Pathway is PREDOMINANT IN

cytosolic malate dehydrogenase

A ____ enzyme oxidizes NADH while simultaneously reducing oxaloacetate —> malate.

malate transporter or malate-alpha-ketoglutarate

The malate diffuses through the outer mitochondrial membrane and encounters a membrane-bound transporter embedded in the inner membrane (______ transporter). This transporter specifically carries malate across the membrane, into the mitochondrial matrix.

mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase

the malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, by ___ , with simultaneous reduction of NAD+ to NADH

aspartate

The oxaloacetate gains an amino group from glutamate and becomes

cytosol

The aspartate is then transported out into the intermembrane space and then to the __

oxaloacetate

The aspartate transfers its amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate and becomes ___.

MUSCLE AND BRAIN

THE GLYCEROL PHOSPHATE SHUTTLE is predominant in

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

A cytosolic enzyme, a ___ oxidizes NADH to NAD+ and simultaneously reduces DHAP → glycerol-3-phosphate

FADH2

As the enzyme oxidizes G3P, the electrons are transferred to its bound FAD, forming ____ .

Coenzyme Q

FADH2 gives up its electrons to a membrane-associated mobile electron carrier, ___

complex III

The reduced co-enzyme Q (QH2) passes its electrons to ___

32 or 38 ATPs

An energy of __ is produced in heart, liver, or kidney cells.

30 or 36 ATPs

An energy of __ is produced in muscle and brain cells.

D.

• A. Conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate

• B. Conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl coA

Carbon Dioxide is produced during

A. Conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate

B. Conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl coA

C. Conversion of malate to oxaloacetate

D. A and B only