The American Pageant Chapter 27

What major shift occurred in U.S. foreign policy in the late 19th century?

America began to pursue overseas expansion, moving away from its anticolonial traditions.

What did many Americans believe about the need for expansion?

They believed that the United States had to expand or explode due to pressures from population growth, wealth, and labor unrest.

Who were the prominent figures advocating for American imperialism?

Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge.

What was the role of the 'yellow press' in American imperialism?

It sensationalized foreign exploits, portraying them as adventurous and appealing to the public.

What did Josiah Strong advocate for in his book 'Our Country'?

He promoted the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and called for Americans to spread their religion and values.

What was Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's argument in 'The Influence of Sea Power upon History'?

He argued that control of the sea was essential for world dominance.

What was James G. Blaine's 'Big Sister' policy?

It aimed to rally Latin American nations behind U.S. leadership and open their markets to American traders.

What was the significance of the first Pan-American Conference in 1889?

It marked the beginning of inter-American cooperation and diplomacy.

What crisis nearly led to war between the U.S. and Germany in 1889?

The dispute over the Samoan Islands.

What incident brought the U.S. and Italy to the brink of war in 1891?

The lynching of eleven Italians in New Orleans.

What was the outcome of the U.S. demands on Chile in 1892?

Chile agreed to pay an indemnity after tensions escalated over the deaths of American sailors.

What was the Venezuelan boundary dispute about?

It involved a long-standing dispute between the U.S. and Britain over the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela.

What did Richard Olney assert in his note to Britain regarding U.S. sovereignty?

He claimed that the U.S. was practically sovereign in the Western Hemisphere and that its fiat was law.

How did the U.S. and Britain resolve the Venezuelan boundary dispute?

Through arbitration, as Britain was not in a position to go to war with the U.S.

What was the public sentiment in the U.S. regarding potential war with Britain during the Venezuelan dispute?

There was widespread hysteria and a belief that war seemed inevitable.

What was the impact of the discovery of gold in the disputed area between British Guiana and Venezuela?

It escalated the conflict between the two nations and brought the dispute to a head.

What did the phrase 'the taste of Empire' signify in American society?

It indicated a growing appetite for imperialism and international dominance among the American public.

What were some motivations for American expansionism during this period?

Economic interests, national pride, and a desire to compete with European powers.

What was the general attitude of Americans towards international affairs immediately after the Civil War?

Most Americans were indifferent and focused on domestic issues.

What was the significance of the phrase 'half republic and half empire' in the Democratic National Platform of 1900?

It warned that imperialism abroad could lead to despotism at home.

What did the phrase 'the mere joy of fighting' suggest about American sentiment at the time?

It indicated a growing enthusiasm for military engagement and imperialism.

How did the U.S. view its position in the Western Hemisphere in the late 19th century?

The U.S. saw itself as the dominant power, with the right to intervene in regional affairs.

What was the role of economic pressures in driving American expansionism?

Economic pressures from overproduction and labor unrest made overseas markets appealing as a safety valve.

What was the impact of the naval race stimulated by Mahan's ideas?

It led to the U.S. building a stronger navy and increased military readiness for overseas engagements.

What did the American public's reaction to distant disputes reveal about their national mood?

It showed an aggressive and interventionist attitude towards foreign policy.

What did the phrase 'the jungle boundary' refer to in the context of the Venezuelan dispute?

It referred to the disputed territory between British Guiana and Venezuela, which was rich in resources.

What did London consent to regarding the United States?

Arbitration

What era replaced America's 'twisting the lion's tail' with Britain?

The era of 'patting the eagle's head' or the Great Rapprochement.

What was the Great Rapprochement?

A reconciliation between the United States and Britain that became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies.

What attracted American attention to Hawaii in the 19th century?

Hawaii was a way station and provisioning point for American shippers, sailors, and whalers.

What significant event occurred in Hawaii in 1820?

The arrival of the first New England missionaries.

What economic activity became increasingly important in Hawaii?

Sugar production.

How did Americans view Hawaii by the late 19th century?

As a virtual extension of their own coastline.

What treaty did the United States sign with Hawaii in 1887?

A treaty guaranteeing naval-base rights at Pearl Harbor.

What impact did Old World pathogens have on Hawaii's population?

They reduced the indigenous Hawaiian population to one-sixth of its size.

What was the consequence of the McKinley Tariff for Hawaii?

It raised barriers against Hawaiian sugar, leading to renewed efforts for annexation.

Who was Queen Liliuokalani?

The last reigning queen of Hawaii who defended native Hawaiian self-rule.

What happened in Hawaii in 1893?

A revolt by white settlers led to the establishment of the short-lived Republic of Hawaii.

What was the role of American troops in the Hawaiian revolt?

They landed under unauthorized orders to assist the revolt.

What did President Cleveland do regarding the treaty of annexation for Hawaii?

He withdrew the treaty after suspecting wrongs against Queen Liliuokalani.

What was the outcome of the investigation into Hawaiian annexation?

It determined that a majority of Hawaiian natives opposed annexation.

What sparked the Cuban revolt against Spanish rule in 1895?

Economic misgovernance and the impact of the abolition of slavery in Cuba.

What was the economic backbone of Cuba that suffered due to the abolition of slavery?

Sugar production.

What was the American investment stake in Cuba around 1895?

About $50 million.

What did Senator Lodge say about Cuba's strategic importance?

Cuba lay 'right athwart the line' leading to the Panama Canal.

Who was General Weyler and what was his strategy in Cuba?

He was a Spanish general who herded civilians into reconcentration camps to crush the rebellion.

What was the impact of the reconcentration camps in Cuba?

They turned into deadly pestholes due to lack of sanitation.

What role did yellow journalism play in the Cuban conflict?

It sensationalized atrocities and fueled American public outrage.

What did Hearst instruct Remington to do regarding the Cuban conflict?

To provide pictures to accompany sensationalized stories.

What incident escalated tensions leading to the Spanish-American War?

The explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor.

What were the two investigations into the Maine explosion?

One by U.S. naval officers and one by Spanish officials.

What was the conclusion of the Spanish investigation into the Maine explosion?

It was deemed an internal explosion, presumably accidental.

What was the American public's reaction to the Maine explosion?

They embraced the theory that it was caused by a submarine mine, leading to war fervor.

What did many Spaniards feel about the accusations regarding the Maine?

They felt it reflected on Spanish honor.

What event sparked the American outcry for war against Spain in 1898?

The explosion of the USS Maine.

What was the initial explanation for the explosion of the USS Maine?

Spontaneous combustion in a coal bunker.

How did many Americans react to the explosion of the Maine?

They embraced the idea that Spain was responsible, leading to war fervor.

What was the battle cry that emerged after the explosion of the Maine?

Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!

What were the two basic demands that American diplomats had already secured from Spain before the war?

An end to reconcentration camps and an armistice with Cuban rebels.

Who was the President of the United States during the Spanish-American War?

William McKinley.

What was the Teller Amendment?

A declaration that the U.S. would grant Cuba its freedom after overthrowing Spanish rule.

Who was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy that took action to prepare for war with Spain?

Theodore Roosevelt.

What significant military action did Commodore George Dewey take during the war?

He led a successful attack on the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay.

When did Dewey's victory at Manila Bay occur?

May 1, 1898.

What was the outcome of Dewey's attack on the Spanish fleet?

The Spanish fleet was destroyed with no American casualties.

What was the public perception of the war effort in America?

It was seen as a lighthearted adventure, akin to a picnic.

What was the condition of the Spanish fleet that arrived in Cuba?

It was decrepit and easily blockaded by the American fleet.

Who led the Rough Riders during the invasion of Cuba?

Theodore Roosevelt.

What was the composition of the Rough Riders?

A mix of western cowboys, ex-polo players, and ex-convicts.

What was General William R. Shafter's condition during the war?

He was overweight and gout-stricken, requiring assistance to move.

What was the date when American troops captured Manila?

August 13, 1898.

Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?

The leader of Filipino insurgents who collaborated with American forces.

What was the strategic concern regarding Hawaii during the war?

Fear that Japan might seize Hawaii while the U.S. was distracted.

What did the joint resolution of annexation for Hawaii grant to its residents?

U.S. citizenship.

What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War for Cuba?

Cuba was liberated from Spanish rule but under U.S. influence.

What was the public sentiment towards President McKinley during the war?

He was criticized for being indecisive and called 'Wobbly Willie.'

What was the role of the yellow press in the lead-up to the war?

It amplified public outrage and pushed for war against Spain.

What was the significance of the phrase 'dirty Spanish flag' in the context of the war?

It reflected the intense anti-Spanish sentiment among American jingoes.

What did McKinley urge Congress to do on April 11, 1898?

He urged armed intervention to free the oppressed Cubans.

What was the American public's attitude towards the war effort?

They were enthusiastic and eager to support military action.

What was the size of the American army that embarked from Tampa, Florida?

Seventeen thousand men

What major battle occurred on July 1 during the Spanish-American War?

The battles of El Caney and Kettle Hill

Who led the Rough Riders during their charge at Kettle Hill?

Colonel Theodore Roosevelt

What was the outcome of the Spanish fleet's attempt to leave Santiago Harbor on July 3?

The fleet was destroyed by American warships

What was the condition of the American troops due to diseases during the war?

Hundreds were incapacitated by malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery, and yellow fever

What did the United States acquire from Spain as a result of the war?

Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

What was the date when Spain signed an armistice to end the war?

August 12, 1898

What dilemma did President McKinley face regarding the Philippines?

Whether to return the islands to Spain or annex them

What was McKinley's ultimate decision regarding the Philippines?

To annex the Philippines and later potentially grant them freedom

How did McKinley justify the annexation of the Philippines?

He believed it was America's duty to educate, uplift, and Christianize the Filipinos

What was the public sentiment regarding the annexation of the Philippines?

It sparked one of the most impassioned foreign-policy debates in American history

What did the Rough Riders suffer during their charge?

Heavy casualties

What was the nickname given to the canned meat that caused illness among American troops?

Embalmed beef

What was the significance of the battles at El Caney and Kettle Hill?

They were key engagements that led to the American victory in Cuba

What did Captain Philip of the Texas say to his crew during the Spanish fleet's sortie?

"Don't cheer, men; the poor devils are dying."

What was the American army's condition by the end of the war?

An army of convalescents due to disease

What was the first territory annexed by the United States from Spain?

Puerto Rico

What did the acquisition of the Philippines represent for the United States?

A challenge to its national identity and imperial ambitions

What was the reaction of Wall Street to the war and the acquisition of the Philippines?

They clamored for profits from the Philippines

What did McKinley do to seek guidance on the Philippines issue?

He prayed for light and guidance