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what foods should obese people avoid
High fat foods
High sugar foods
Fizzy drinks
what foods should people with cardiovascular disease avoid
high fat foods
high salt foods
what foods should people with anaemia eat
foods rich in iron such as liver and red meat
what foods should people with diabetes avoid
high sugar foods
fizzy drinks
what osteoporosis
caused by lack of calcium
causes weakened bones making them more likely to fracture
whats rickets
caused by lack of vitamin d
bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities.
why do you have to knead bread dough
Kneading stretches and develops the gluten strands in the dough.
how does yeast cause bread to rise
with food, moisture ,warmth and time yeast produces carbon dioxide bubbles which causes bread to rise
what are the main ingredients needed to make bread
flour , yeast, sugar, water , salt
whats a lacto - ovo vegetarian
a person who eats vegetables, eggs, and dairy products but who does not eat meat.
whats a lacto vegetarian
a person who dosnt eating meat and eggs but still eats dairy.
whats a vegan
a person who does not eat any food made from animals and who typically does not use other animal products.
how does freezing preserve food
bacteria becomes dormant when food is frozen and when it defrosts they turn active again
preserves nutrients and increases shelf life
whats a use by date on the food packaging
on high risk foods or foods with short shelf lives
safety warning as greater risk of developing food poisoning after use by date
whats the best before date on packaging
displayed on foods with longer shelf life
acts as a quality warning as even though food may still be edible it may not taste as good
whats the aim of food preservation
to prevent food spoilage as a result of growth of micro-organisms and breakdown of food by enzymes
what are the conditions microorganisms need for growth and multipplication
food
warmth
moisture
optimal ph
time
how does pickling food make it less suitable for microorganisms
makes ph more acidic and therefore less suitable for microrganisms
how does salting food and sugar preservations make it less suitable for microogranisms
reduces moisture content making less suitable for microorganisms
why are high risk foods high risk
contain lots of protein and water so theres a risk of bacteria multiplying rapidly
what temperature does a freezer have to be at
-18 degrees celcius
what are some disadvantages of freezing food
large ice crystals are formed when food is slowly frozen and when its defrosted , water enclosed in within the cells is released
what are some foods microorganisms are used in the production of
bread (yeast) , cheese, yogurt , wine
what is fermentation
chemical change/process by which bacteria ‘eat’ sugars and produce acids and gas as waste
how are microorganisms used in the production of blue cheese
cheese is treated with mould which contains microorganisms
microorganisms develop as the cheese matures
continues to develop to give blue veined appearance and developing flavour
what are the negative effects of microorganisms
can give you food poisoning
can change flavour, texture and appearance of food
can make it spoil faster
what are the 12 mandatory (needed by law ) things on food packaging
The name of the product
weight
The shelf-life
Storage instructions
contact details of the manufacturer
instructions for use
ingredients
Cooking instructions
The lot number
Warnings
Nutrition Declaration
Allergies information
why si food packaging needed
protect product
contain product
provide information on product
prevent tampering
to preserve product
whats flours purpose in bread making
provides structure
contains proteins that when water is added, develops into gluten which helps dough rise by trapping gas bubbles during fermentation and gives bread its unique texture.
whats salts purpose in bread making
tightens the gluten strands that are formed, which makes them stronger and the gluten more able to hold carbon dioxide more efficiently
whats an enriched yeast dough
A dough made with butter, sugar, eggs or oil.
Enriched doughs are softer and richer than those made solely with flour, water, salt and yeast.
Examples include brioche and hot cross buns.
what do Christianity say about food
no food is forbidden
what does Judaism say about food
meat must be kosher
no pork + shellfish
dairy and meat have to be prepared/ eaten seperatly
what does Islam say about food
meat must be halal
no pork / alcohol
what does Hinduism say about food
no beef as the cow is sacred
what does Buddhism say about food
teaches against killing so many are vegetarian
what does Sikhism say about food
no beef
no kosher or halal foods
what do Rastafarians say about food
only eat natural and clean foods
fish cant be more than 30 cm long
no salt, no alcohol and no processed foods
whats a staple food
A staple food is a food that forms a large part of the diet,
what are food miles
The distance our food travels to get to our homes.
what are pregnant woman’s dietry needs
varied diet providing enough nutrient for woman + baby
vitamin d for baby’s bones and teeth
calcium for strong bones
folic acid to prevent spinal chord and brain problems
what foods do pregnant women need to avoid
vitamin a - birth defects
unpasteurised / soft cheese - illness / miscarriage
alcohol + reduced caffeine
what are babies nutritional needs
breast milk provides nutrients needed for first 6 months
breast milk provides special proteins , antibodies + white blood cells to prevent infection
after breast feeding, need to introduce other foods with breast milk called complimentary feeding
what are toddlers dietry needs
lots of energy and nutrients as growing and developing
semi skimmed milk introduced gradually from 2 years
avoid foods like deep sea fish (high mercury levels ) and chocking hazards
what are childrens dietry needs
more energy than adults as rapidly growing and more active
sugary foods limited to protect teeth
nutrient dense food
small frequent meals as small stomach
what are teens dietry needs
high demand for nutrients
girls need more iron to replace menstrual losses
boys need more protein and energy for growth
lots of calcium
what are adult dietry needs
low fat, sugar and salt
to limit risk of disease: balanced diet, well hydrated, active , no smoking . low alcohol.
what are older adulthoods dietry needs (65+)
less requirements for energy as lower activity levels
lots of calcium and vitamin d through food / sun / supplements
why might older adults eat less
change in smell / taste
difficulty chewing
difficulty shopping / cooking
what are macronutrients
refers to carbohydrates, protein and fat which the body needs in large amounts
what are micronutrients
vitamins, minerals and trace elements which the body needs in small amounts
what are carbohydrates needed for and what are they found in
needed for energy and to get rid of waste products
are found in cereals, bread, potatoes
whats protein needed for and whats it in
needed for growth, repair and maintenance and is found in meat, dairy products, fish and eggs
what is fat needed for and whats it found in
energy, warmth, to protect organs and for absorption of fat soluble vitamins and is found in meat, dairy, nuts and seeds
what are 4 examples of complex carbohydrates?
rice, pasta, bread, potatoes
what is a complex carbohydrate
carbohydrates your body has to break down before they can be used for energy (starch)
Provide a slow and steady release of glucose energy
Healthier way to provide the body with energy
what are 4 examples of simple craborhydrates
chocolate, sweets, fizzy drink and biscuits
What are simple carbohydrates?
carbohydrates that dont need breaking down before they can be used for energy (sugars)
Glucose is released more quickly into the blood
Causes highs and lows in blood sugar level and less stable levels in the body
what happens if you have too much and too little carbs
too much:
obesity
higher blood suagar levels
type 2 diabetes
too little :
start to eat off your muscles and will eat off of heart + lungs
what are the two main groups of fibre
soluble and insoluble
what does soluble fibre do
attracts water and turns to gel during digestion, slowing digestion like oatmeal, lentils and nuts
what does insoluble fibre do
adds bulk to the stool and helps food pass more quickly through the stomach and intestines
what happens if you dont have enough fibre
hard faeces mean the colon muscles have to work harder and eventually the pressure causes the wall to burst into the pouches which is called diverticular disease
what is saturated fat
Are usually from animal sources.
Have no double bonds
arent good for you
what is unsaturated fat
Are generally liquid at room temperature.
Have two or more double bonds.
better for you than unsaturated
why is saturated fat bad for you
raises cholesterol levels in blood which increases the chances of strokes and heart disease by blocking your arteries
what are essential amino acids
amino acids that must be supplied to us through out diet as they cannot be made through the body
what are non essential amino acids
amino acids that can be made by the body
what is low biological value protein and whats it mainly found in
missing 1 or more of the essential amino acids
mainly found in plant sources
hat is high biological value protein and whats it mainly found in
contain all the essential amino acids
mainly found in animal sources
what does too little protein in the diet cause
slow growth
hair, nails, skin in poor condition
wasting of muscle tissue
kwashikor (enlarged tummy + failiure to grow)
what is protein complemention
a way of making sure we get all the essential amino acids we need in our diets by combining low biological value proteins
what are 2 examples of essential fatty acids
omega 3 and omega 6
what are omega 6 fatty acids
found in walnuts, tofu and sunflower seeds
used for lowering cholesterol levels
what are omega 3 fatty acids
found in fish seeds and walnuts
support brain function
prevent heart disease
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