health survey objective data
physical appearance, body structure, behavior, and measurements
objective
data that can be measured
subjective
data from the subject themselves
health history sequence
biographic data, source of history, reason for seeking care, HPI, past health, family history, review of systems (only talk about it), ADLs
PQRSTU
provocative/palliative quality(sharp stabbing pain)/quantity(pain scale) region/radiation severity scale timing/onset understand patient's perception of problem
The interview terms
location, explanation, purpose, time frame, participation, confidentiality, cost,
verbal communication
words you speak, tone used
nonverbal communication
body language, physical appearance, posture, gestures, facial expression, eye contact, voice, touch
internal factors
liking others, empathy, ability to listen, self-awareness
external factors
privacy, avoid interruptions, physical environment, dress, note-taking
10 traps of interviewing
why questions authority professional jargon biased questions unwanted advice distancing false assurance interrupting avoidance language talk too much
SBAR tool
Situation - brief description of the patient Background - pertinent hx as it directly relates to the patient's current health status Assessment - pertinent assessment findings obtained with interpretation of data Recommendation or request - what you need/want for the patient in terms of medical treatment and/or assistance
skin structure
epidermis - keratinized cells, basal cell layer, thinnest layer dermis - inner supportive layer, connective tissue, elastic tissue; nerves, capillaries, hair follicles subcutaneous fat and tissue - temp and energy
skin function
protection, perception, temp regulation, communication, wound repair, absorption and excretion, vitamin D, emotions
inspection and palpation: skin
color, temperature, moisture, texture, thickness, edema, mobility and turgor, vascularity or bruising, lesions,
primary lesions
pathological process; macule, papules, patches, plaques, nodules, wheals, tumors, urticaria (hives), vesicles, cysts, bullas, pustules
secondary lesions
result from another issue; crust, scale, fissures, erosions, ulcers, excoriations, scars, atrophic scars, lichenifications, keloids
vascular lesions
red, pink, purple; hemangioma, telangiectases, purpuric lesions, ecchymosis/bruise/hematoma/contusion
COCA
color odor consistency amount
inspection and palpation: hair
color, texture, distribution, lesions,
inspection and palpation: nails
shape and contour, consistency, color, cap refill
clubbing
160 degrees or less, sign of chronic respiratory illness (COPD)
ABCDEF
asymmetry border irregularity color variations within lesion itself diameter >6mm elevation/evolution funny looking
shapes of lesions
annular, confluent, discrete, grouped, gyrate, target, linear, polycyclic, zosteriform (from shingles - linear and follows a nerve track)
malignant skin lesions
basal cell - looks dry squamous cell - looks like a pimple melanoma - dark spot, genetic
onychomycosis
fungal infection in and around the nail
structure and function: head
cranial bones: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal; sutures: coronal, sagittal, lambdoid; 14 facial bones
salivary glands
parotid - in cheeks submandibular - beneath mandible
thyroid
endocrine gland, straddles the trachea, T3 and T4
lymphatic system
immune system, lymph nodes; waste to spleen or excrete from body; own vessel system; everything flows to core of body and towards spleen; absorbs lipids in intestinal tract and conserves fluid and plasma proteins; 2 places dont have lymph nodes: brain and uterus
spleen
LUQ; destroy old RBCs, store RBCs, produce antibodies, filter microorganisms
tonsils
palantine, adenoid, lingual; immunity
Hodgkins lymphoma
more rare, enlargement of lymph node in the neck, armpit, and groin; symptoms: fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats
non-Hodgkins lymphoma
abdominal and chest pain; symptoms: fatigue, fever, and swollen nodes
Mono
enlargement of the spleen, fever, severe malaise
retropharyngeal abcess
medical emergency, huge pocket of infection; muffled voice, drooling
RA
autoimmune disease, attacks muscles, joints, bones, tendons
AIDS
CD count of 200; huge hit to immune system because on immunosuppresents
lymph nodes
preauricular, posterior auricular, occipital, submental, submandibular, sublingual, retropharyngeal, anterior posterior and deep cervical chains, supraclavicular
major concerns of headaches
never had one before, thunderclap, onset after age of 50, headache with HTN
inspection and palpation: skull
normocephalic, symmetry, TMJ - crepitus?
bruits
listen over thyroid and carotid arteries using the bell; can be a sign of HTN, cardiac disease, and hyperlipidemia
plagiocephaly
positional deformation due to sleeping position,
craniosynostosis
premature fusion of the suture lines
congenital torticollis
hematoma in one sternomastoid muscle, results in head tilt to one side and limited neck ROM; can also be acquired - stroke, surgery, accident, injury
simple diffuse goiter
iodine deficiency, chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland
parotid gland enlargement
rapid painful enlargement seen in result to mumps, blockage of duct, abscess, or tumor; ear infection, abscessed teeth
hyperthyroidism
Grave's disease; goiter, eyelid retraction, exophthalmos
hypothyriodism
puffy face, puffy periorbital edema, coarse facial features, coarse hair and eyebrows
cushings
increased ACTH, long-term steroid use; moonlike face, red cheeks, hirsutism
Bells palsy
paralysis of the facial nerve - not a stroke
conjunctiva
the clear covering over the entire anterior eyeball
cornea
clear covering over the iris and the pupil
extraocular muscles
CN III,IV, and VI; six muscles;
internal anatomy of the eye
outer fibrous sclera - sclera and cornea middle vascular choroid - choroid, iris, pupil, lens (refracts) inner nervous retina - retina (visual receptive layer), optic disc, retinal vessels, macula
visual reflexes
pupillary light reflex, fixation, accommodation
aging adults: eyes
pupil size decreases presbyopia - far sighted lens becomes thick and yellow cataracts, glaucoma, AMD (macula of retina), diabetic retinopathy
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure; hispanics and african americans
macular degeneration
caucasians; risk factors: family hx, smoking, hyperopia, light iris color, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, female
CN II
optic verve; visual acuity; Snellen E chart, Rossenbaum, confrontation test
CN III,IV, and VI
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens; eye muscles that control the movement of your eye in the globe; corneal light reflex, 6 fields of gaze, accommodation
oblique lighting
cornea and lens- smooth and clear iris - flat
pupillary light reflex
direct and consensual
PERRLA
pupils equal, round, react to light and accommodation
optic disc
on nasal side; color, shape, margins, cup-disc ratio
retinal vessels
number, color, A:V ratio (2:3 or 4:5)
ptosis
drooping of the eyelid, lid lag, also used for lazy eye (strabismus)
chalazion
infected or inflammed oil gland on the eyelid
hordeolum
inflammation on the eyelash
anisocoria
unequal pupils, both responsive to light
mydriasis
dilated and fixed pupils
horners syndrome
anisocoria and ptosis on same side; a lesion of the sympathetic nerve
pterygium
overgrowth of the conjunctiva towards the center of the eye
auditory canal
outer 1/3 is cartilage
middle ear functions
conducts sound vibrations, protect inner ear by reducing amplitude, eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of TM
conductive hearing loss
mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear, partial loss; causes: impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, perforated TM, pus or serum in middle ear, otosclerosis
sensorineural hearing loss
signifies pathology of inner ear, CN VIII, or auditory areas of cerebral cortex; increase in amplitude; causes: presbycusis and ototoxic drugs affect hair cells in cochlea
inspecting with otoscope
pull pinna up and back
CN VIII and tests
acoustic; visual acuity; whisper, weber, and rinne (AC>BC)
polyp
growth in the external ear canal or middle ear, has an odor to it
cholesteatoma
overgrowth of epidermal tissue in middle ear, can result after TM perforation, pearly white cheesy appearance, can erode the bone and produce hearing loss
nasal cavity
first 2/3 is cartilage, last 1/3 is bone
paranasal sinuses
lighten weight, lined with ciliated mucous membrane; frontal and maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid
salivary glands
stensen's - by mollars wharton's - under tongue sublingual - floor of mouth secrete saliva, moistens and lubricates food, starts digestion, cleans and protects the mucosa
periodontal disease
linked to type 2 diabetes
CN IX & X
glossopharyngeal and vagus; speech, swallow, gag, ahh, and taste
CN XII
hypoglossal, movement of the tongue
choanal atresia
congenital bony septum between nasal cavity and pharynx, emergency if bilateral
angular cheilitis
inflammation of lips - ill-fitting dentures, yeast infections - fissures on lip
retention cyst
filled with saliva, can be painful
epulis
benign, nontender fibrous nodule of the gum
koplik spots
small, blue-white spots with irregular red halo scattered over mucosa, early sign of measles
candidiasis
yeast infection - adults with antibiotic therapy
oral kaposi's sarcoma
bruiselike on hard palate, can develop with AIDS
peritonsillar abscess
big giant ball of pus, talking muffled, drooling, medical emergency
mediastinum
middle section of thoracic cavity containing esophagus, trachea, heart, and great vessels
trachea and bronchial tree
protect alveoli from small particulate matter in inhaled air, lined with goblet cells that secrete mucus
4 major functions of the respiratory system
supplying oxygen for energy production, removing carbon dioxide as waste product, maintaining homeostasis of arterial blood, maintaining heat exchange
aging adult - respiratory
decreased vital capacity and increased residual volume; they can't hold as much in their lungs, but they have more that might get stuck in there
tuberculosis
bacterial pocket in lungs that calcifies - highly contagious through droplets