Human Body Lecture Chapter 1

Does not include homeostasis flowchart

Anterior (ventral)

Front surface

Posterior (dorsal)

Back surface

Superior

Closer to head

Inferior

Closer to feet

Lateral

More toward outside of body

Medial

More toward middle of body

Proximal

Closer to body-limb

Distal

Farther away from body-limb

Superficial

Closest to surface

Deep

Closer to core of body

Oculus

Either eye

Oris

Mouth

Mentis

Chin

Axilla

Armpit

Brachium

Upper arm (between collar bone and elbow)

Olecranon

Elbow

Antebrachium

Forearm/lower arm

Carpus

Wrist

Pollex

Thumb

Palmar

Palm surface

Phalanges

fingers

Popliteus

Back of the knee

Sura

Calf muscle

Crus

Lower leg

Tarsus

Ankle

Calcaneus

Heel bone

Hallux

Big toe

Plantar

Bottom surface of foot

Hyper

increased/elevated

Hypo

decreased/lowered

Sagittal plane

Vertical plane, divides body into right and left halves

Oblique plane

Any plane that is not vertical or transverse (always at an angle)

Frontal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior halves

Transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior halves

Midsagittal

Right down the midline, produces equal right and left halves that are bilaterally symmetrical

Parasagittal

Creates unequal right and left sides

Atoms

Smallest unit, retains elemental properties, and makes up elements

Molecules

2+ atoms bonded together

Cells

Smallest unit of life

Life’s 3 features

Able to reproduce, metabolize nutrients, has DNA/RNA

Tissues

Different cell types working together

Organs

Different tissues working together

Organ systems

Different organs working together

Why is a virus not considered living

Does not metabolize nutrients or reproduce

Olecranon Bursitis

Inflammation of the elbow

Abicularis oris muscle

Muscle around mouth

Biological bonds strongest to weakest

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen combined with hydroxide

Ionic bonds

electrostatic fores (pos. + neg. charge)

Covalent bonds

Share e^-

Capillary

Designed to exchange input and outputs, is a tiny vessel

Filling the spaces between cells and providing a supportive framework around cells in tissue is…

ECF (extracellular fluid)

Four primary tissues

Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

Diffusional medium

Fluid through which stuff moves through

How does smooth muscle alter blood flow

It relaxes/contracts

What is an example of a diffusional medium

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

What does epithelial tissue do

Forms barrier/protective layer

What are examples of epithelial tissue

GI tract, skin, blood vessels

What does connective tissue do

Provides support and diffusional mediums

What are examples of connective tissue

Tendons, ligaments, bones, fat, blood

What does nervouse tissue do

Rapid communication, they detect, sense, integrate, activate

What are examples of nervous tissue

Neurons

What does muscle tissue do

Control movement

What are examples of muscle tissue

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Example of organ systems

Digestive system

What are two organs that live in the digestive system

GI tract and the esophagus

What two systems is the pancreas a part of

Digestive system and endocrine system

What purpose does the pancreas serve in the digestive system

Secretes digestive cells

What purpose does the pancreas serve in the endocrine system

Secretes hormones

What are some inputs that a capillary will deliver

O₂, H₂O, C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose)

What are some outputs that a capillary will deliver

Heat, CO₂

Anatomy levels that are studied

Gross, regional, systemic, microscopic

What does gross mean in anatomy

Whole body

What does regional mean in anatomy

Certain region of body

What does systemic mean in anatomy

Specific body system

What does microscopic mean in anatomy

Study of small structures with a microscope

What does the acronym S-O-F-T stand for

Sagittal, oblique, frontal, and transverse planes

What is homeostasis by definition

Maintenance of the body’s internal environment over a period of time

What does homeostasis do

Works to oppose fluctuations of regulated physiological variables caused by changes in the external environment

Is maintaining homeostasis a constant process

Yes

Examples of internal environment maintained by homeostasis

ECF, blood plasma

Is inside a cell considered a living environment maintained by homeostasis

No

What is always maintained for homeostasis

Regulated physiological variable

What makes up a regulated physiological variable

Dedicated sensor, a set range for a variable

What is a set range

High and low your body can tolerate

What is an example of a dedicated sensor

Thermoreceptor

What does a thermoreceptor regulate

Temperature

What are three non-regulated physiological variables

heart, hormone, and respiratory rate

What do sensors do

Form a specialized neuron that detects a specific regulated physiological variable

What should a sensor always be doing

listening or detecting activity of a variable

What are examples of a sensor

Osmoreceptors and chemoreceptors

What does an osmoreceptor do

Detects level of hydration

What does a chemoreceptor do

Detect level of oxygen in blood

What is a control center

Organ (typically brain) that maintains set range in homeostasis

What are effectors

Physiological/anatomical structures that do the work, regulate physiological variables

What are examples of effectors

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, sweat glands

What does cardiac muscle do that makes it an effector

Delivers oxygen to cells

What are the feedback mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis

Positive feedback, negative feedback, positive feedforward

What is the most common feedback mechanism to least common feedback mechanism

Negative feedback, positive feedback, positive feedforward

Why is a set range more attainable than a strict set point

Conserves energy/ATP