Production Process - The 4Ms

Prevention costs

incurred to avoid or minimize the number of defects at first place

Appraisal Costs

part of the quality control process to ensure that their products and services meet customer expectations

Failure Costs

costs incurred by defective parts/products or faulty services

Internal Failure Costs

costs incurred to fix problems that are detected before the product/service is delivered to the customer.

External Failure Costs

all costs incurred to fix problems that are detected after the product/service is delivered to the customer.

MANPOWER

refers to the human workforce involved in the manufacture of product

METHOD

refers to the process or technique of converting raw materials to finished products.

Heterogeneous product

product has dissimilar characteristics, parts, and physical appearance

Homogeneous product

product in which physical appearance, taste, or chemical content that can hardly be distinguished from that of the other products.

Intermittent Production System

the goods are manufactured specially to fulfill orders made by customers rather than for stock.

Project Method

company accepts a single or complex order or contract and is bound by a specific time to complete it.

Job order Method

company accepts a contract to produce one or few units of a product strictly as per specifications given by the customer.

Batch Method

the production undergoes several stages and the product is transferred from one worker to another.

Continuous Production System

involves a continuous or almost continuous physical flow of materials

Just-in-Time Production System

goods are produced just in time when the market needs or demand for them

MACHINE

refers to the manufacturing equipment used in the production of goods or delivery of services

MATERIALS

refers to the materials needed in the production of a product