Unit 1 (Sub 2) Review

What is consciousness?

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

We register and react to stimuli we do not _________ perceive

consciously 

If you were asked to press a button when you feel a tap, you can respond in 1/10th of a second, ____ time than it takes to be conscious that you have responded

less

Conscious processing takes place in a _______

sequence (serially)

What is cognitive neuroscience?

the study of brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating, etc.)

Cognitive neuroscientists study…

how the physical matter of our brains and bodies manifest the consciousness we experience

What area of the brain does most neuroscientists explore and map out the conscious function?

the cortex

What is dual processing?

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

What is the duality of dual processing commonly referred to?

” high road consciousness” and “low road consciousness”

Consciousness is associated with the _____ _____

left brain

Intuitiveness is associated with the _____ ______

right brain

The visual perception track allows for us to do what?

Recognize things and to plan things for the future 

The visual action track allows for us to do what?

Guides our moment-to-moment actions 

Being able to respond to visual stimulus without experiencing it is what condition?

Blindsight

__________ _________ is processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

parallel processing

Parallel processing is used to solve _____ problems

easy

_______ _________ is the processing or one aspect of a problem at a time

sequential processing

Sequential processing is used to solve _____ problems

hard

What is sleep?

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness 

To look at your sleeping state, researchers often use an _____

EEG

Periodic physiological fluctuations are ______ _________

biological rhythms

Experiencing seasonal variations in appetite, sleep length, and moods have to do with our _____ _______

Annual cycles 

An example of the twenty-eight-day cycle is the ______ _______ _______

female menstrual cycle 

Ninety-minute cycles through what?

various stages of sleep 

What is the circadian rhythm also known as?

the biological clock

Our body temperature _____ as the morning approaches, _____ during the day, and ______ for a time in the afternoon, and then begins to ______ again before we go to sleep

rises, peaks, dips, drops

Thinking is sharpest and memory is most accurate when people are at their daily peak in _______ ________

circadian arousal 

True or false, we tend to be more larks or morning people as we get older

True

Jet lag and shift work are examples of what?

disruptions of the circadian rhythm

True or False, bright light cannot affect how awake you feel 

False

Light tweaks the circadian clock by activating light-sensitive retinal proteins which triggers signals to the __________________ ________

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

The SCN causes the brain’s ______ ______ to decrease in the morning and increases in the evening.

pineal gland

What are alpha waves?

The slow brain waves of your relaxed but awake state

NREM (N sleep) encompasses what stages of sleep?

all sleep stages except for REM sleep 

Vivid dreams occur during ____ _____

REM sleep (R sleep)

During what stage of sleep may you experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations and hypnagogic sensations?

NREM 1

Feeling like you’re floating before you fall asleep or jerking your arm both indicate ________ _______

hypnagogic sensations

What are sleep spindles?

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity, and K-complexes

Sleep spindles and sleep talking usually occur during…

NREM 2

NREM 3 is when you’re in what kind of sleep?

Deep sleep

During NREM 3, your brain emits large, slow ________ waves and you are hard to be awaken 

delta 

What is REM sleep?

rapid eye movement sleep: a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

REM is known as _____________ sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are still active 

paradoxical 

During sleep you are essentially ________________

paralyzed

What indicates the beginning of the dream?

the rapid movements of REM sleep 

______ % of the time people recall their dreams after they wake up

80

REM sleep dreams are often _________ and usually __________

emotional, story like

_____ scans show the visual and auditory brain areas that are active during a dream

PET

Increased heart rate, arousal, and muscle paralysis are all what?

physiological events that occur during REM

Why do we sleep?

genetically influenced sleeping patterns, cultural influences, sleep debt

What are 3 environmental factors in our ability to sleep?

modern electric lighting, shift work, social-media diversions 

Dreaming helps ______ brain tissue and _______ brain tissue

restore, repair

Sleep __________ your memory 

consolidates 

During sleep the pituitary gland releases _________ ________ hormones which help promote growth during sleep 

human growth

______ percent of Americans have reported getting 6 hours or less of sleep a night 

40

Consequences of poor sleep include…

relationship problems, depression

Older adults who have less issues tend to live __________

longer 

Sleep deprivation __________ obesity 

increases

True or False, more sleep reduces car accidents 

True

What is Insomnia?

persistent problems falling or staying asleep 

Insomnia affects about __ in every _ adults

1,5

Sleeping pills and alcohol can ________ insomnia

aggravate 

Uncontrollable sleep attacks is a sign of _____________

narcolepsy 

Narcolepsy affects every __ in ______ people

1,2000

Since people with narcolepsy fall straight into REM sleep with their sleep attacks, they lose _____ ________

Muscle tension 

Narcolepsy is caused from the absence of the hypothalamic neuro center that produces orexin which is linked to _______

alertness

Sleep apnea causes you to stop _________ during sleep

breathing 

Sleep apnea sufferers are often ________ of their disorder

unaware 

What is a possible treatment for sleep apnea?

a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Who do night terrors mostly target?

children

True or False: night terrors are the same as a nightmares

false

What might you experience in a night terror?

a frightening image

What stage do night terrors usually occur?

NREM 3

Somnambulism is…

sleepwalking

Sleepwalking is a childhood disorder that ______ in _______

runs, families

Somniloquy 

Sleep talking

What is REM sleep behavior disorder? 

a sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with sounds and often sudden movements 

Incongruities, discontinuities, hallucinations, all are traits of __________

dreams 

What are dreams?

sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

Dreams are often…

bizarre, vivid, and emotional

What are common themes in dreaming?

falling, being pursued, repeatedly falling at a task, and experiencing misfortune

Dream storylines tend to include _______ experiences

recent

________ __________ that exists in our environment while we sleep can be incorporated into our dreams 

sensory stimuli

What was Sigmund Freud known for?

The interpretation of dreams

Manifest content

remembered story line 

Latent Content

underlying meaning

Freud considered our dreams to be the key understanding our ____ _______

inner conflicts

What is the information-processing/consolidation theory of dreams?

-the information processing perspective proposes that dreams may help sift and sort through our daily memories

Brains scans confirm the link between ____________ and _______

REM Sleep and Memory

The brain preserves our _______ ____________ during sleep

neural pathways

Who spends much more time in REM sleep to develop their neural pathways?

Infants 

What is the activation synthesis theory?

dreams spring from the mind’s relentless effort to make sense of unrelated visual bursts which are given their emotional tone by the limbic system

Dreams are the brains ___________ of it’s own activity

interpretation

What is REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep