Biology 1500 test 2

Hypothesis on why dragon flies were so big according to Clapman and Karr

• Amount of oxygen in the air

• Lack of evolved predators

Describe and interpret Figure one of Clapham and Karr

• graph relates po2, wing length, and time period. It demonstrates how during the Carboniferous period, wing length was increased as well as po2. This relationship does not always persist, but was true during the Carboniferous period specifically.

• Birds evolved which is why dragonflies got smaller

Describe the evidence that supports Clapham and Karr’s conclusions

• 15,000 Fossils used to determine wing size and age

• Partial O2 pressure

Identify the wavelengths (i.e. colors) of light absorbed by chlorophyll

Green light is reflected

wave lengths a plant absorbs are blue, red and violet

What is the product of Photosynthesis

GA3P

Light dependent reactions of Photosynthesis

Sunlight and water make bi product of o2 and product ATP and NADPH

Light independent reactions of Photosynthesis

ATP and NADPH produce glucose from CO2 and water

Takes place in the stoma

Calvin Cycle

a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.

Why is o2 a bi product of Photosynthesis

goes through water photooxydation

water is split apart, releases oxygen

ATP

Adenosine Tri Phosphate

Main transport

Immediate source of energy in cells

Describe chemical and energetic changes that occur as ADP cycles with ATP and back again

ADP gets phosphate to make ATP

ATP is broken Down during calvin cycle resorting back to ADP, then dependent light reaction

ATP has more potential energy then ADP cause of an extra phosphate

How long ago did the Great Oxygenation event take place

2.3-3 BYA

What happened before the great oxygenation event?

All organisms were heterotrophicProkaryotes

What caused the great oxygenation event

Cyanobacteria became prominent and started breathing.

oxygen started escaping into the atmosphere, where it reacted with methane

What happened after the great oxygenation event

Ozone layer was formed

minerals were formed

Snowball iceage

global mass extinction

prokaryotes evolved to be able to use o2; lead to evolution of cellular respiration

DNA

Chromosomes are made up of ____in nucleus

Instructions for genes

Genes

Sections of DNA that code for specific proteins

Allelle

different forms of the same gene

Describe the difference between the various alleles of a gene.

Alleles are more descriptive and determine phenotypic ratio

Explain why one person can have a maximum of two different alleles of a gene.

You inherit one from each parent equaling two

Natural selection

Most fundamental process and characteristic of life

1st Postulate of NS

Phenotypes are variable amongst population, there are a variety of different species and types

2nd Postulate of NS

Off spring have similar phenotypes as parents aka inheritable

3rd postulate of NS

Survival and reproduction depend on Phenotype

4th postulate of NS

Survival and reproduction is not random, those that survive reproduce.

evolution

Change in allele frequencies in a population

population

group of individuals that interbreed

adaptation

trait that increases fitness of individual

fitness

Ability to survive and reproduce in an environment

Kinetic energy

energy that includes movement, heat, light, electricity

Heat

Movement of molecules

light

movement of photons

electricity

movement of electrons

first law of thermodynamics

no energy is created or destroyed, just changes forms

Compare visible light energy with the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum: how is it similar, what makes it special to us?

visible light is something we can see, we cannot visualize radio/ magnetic waves

Describe the potential outcomes of light striking an object

• reflected

• absorbed

• transmitted

Facilitative Diffusion

Passive movement of molecules along concentration gradient

Facilitative diffusion vs diffusion

In simple diffusion, the substance passes between the phospholipids; in facilitated diffusion there are a specialized membrane channels.

Gated proteins

Only allow specific substances and specific amounts through protien channels

when is big body sizes needed

Sexual selection

Temperature

female fecundity

when is smaller body sizes needed

Locomotion

early reproduction

temp in ectotherms

Factors that influence rate of diffusion

Surface area and volume ratio

good for small but not bigger distances

Blooms taxonomy bottom to top

remember

understand

apply

analyze

evaluate

create

Describe the insect respiratory system

Instead of lungs, insects breathe with a network of tiny tubes called tracheae.

Air enters the tubes through a row of holes along an insect's abdomen.

Identify the traits shared by most respiratory systems

moist surface area

thin cells lining respiratory surface

large surface area in contact with outside environment.

What are the two primary functions of all respiratory system

provide oxygen to cells of the body

remove carbon dioxide from body

When Dr. Bush was a young child, she callously tried to kill a grasshopper by holding its head under water. It didn’t work. Why not?

Insects do not inhale through mouths

What is a respiratory surface is and how do gases move across it

Gas exchange occurs across this membrane and is diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood

What molecule is the source of the electrons in the electron transport chain?

What molecule is the source of the oxygen that is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis?

What molecule is the source of the protons that are used to establish the proton gradient?

water

What is the proton gradient used for?

Making ATP

What does the term ‘carbon fixation’ refer to?

Making organic compounds